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critical thinking

I found Halpern's idea that critical thinking is "used to describe thinking that is purposeful, reasoned and goal directed" to be related to my experience writing my hypertext essay. While making my hypertext, I not only had to review the information I read, analyze it and organize it into a cohesive essay, but I had to plan how to spread this essay across multiple web pages. I found this a little challenging at first but by planning and directing my ideas towards my goal, a series of webpages, i was able to create my hypertext. I had to think critically about how to lay out and organize my hypertext before I began writing, which I actually found made writing my paper more easy than the way I would traditionally write a research paper. I also used this concept to predict whether my site would be a successful site for the reader and if it would promote interest.
Moore and Parker's definition of critical thinking, "careful and deliberate determination of whether to accept, reject, or suspend judgment", related to the topic of my hypertext. While researching and writing my essay I had to be careful not to include my own opinions of whether or not I felt prostitution was right. It was difficult to set aside my judgments and opinions when writing but I realized that I had to in order to effectively analyze the topic. I found at some points that my opinion was beneficial to my writing, however, for the most part I had to set aside my own views.
I related to Kurland's definition of critical thinking similarly to that of Moore and Parker. With Kurland's definition, I did find myself "following evidence where it lea[d]; considering all possibilities; relying on reason rather than emotion (...) considering a variety of possible viewpoints and explanations; [and] weighing the effects of motives and biases". I found all of this necessary in order to effectively create a hypertext essay on prostitution. My topic, prostitution is very controversial, especially considering arguments for and against the legalization of it. I found that I had to set my own judgments aside and "consider all possibilities" as well as "rely on reason rather than emotion". I also examined "the effects of motives and biases" and because I remained so openminded, my opinions on some aspects of prostitution did change, however, I did not include my opinions in my paper. I found the part of the definition "being precise" as related to my organization of my hypertext.

Learning Essay

Taking Marc Bousquet’s English II class gave me my first opportunity to learn about composing websites. Obviously, learning how to create a website/ hypertext involves getting through a relatively challenging learning curve. We started by composing a personal page which was the easiest way to learn the basic tools because we didn’t have to focus as much on content. Once it came to creating an actual hypertext, the challenge of getting to know the tools better were slowly fading and I could focus more on creating something that I actually felt proud of. The first drafts were a good way for me to see my progress but the thing that I found helps the hypertext the most was the printable version.

Since the printable version came after the creation of the second draft of the hypertext, creating the printable version was a relatively smooth process. Once I had most of my hypertext in a linear version with added detail and analysis, it was extremely useful to go back and touch up on the hypertext itself. I found that by creating the printable version I came up with a large amount of useful material for extra hyperlinks and pages that weren’t initially there.

Composing a hypertext is a great way to think critically about the topics we chose. First of all, the format of a hypertext allows you to run with your ideas in any direction since the information doesn’t need to flow in a linear manner. It was a huge relief to get away from the traditional five paragraph essay format because it allowed me to break some of the habits that had formed from always using a linear style of writing. I think that this was one of the most important things that I learned in this class.

Composing a hypertext also taught me a lot about my need for improvement in the area of artistic composition. Since the hypertexts can be wrapped around images along with interesting facts about the issue etc., it was necessary to learn how to make the site interesting while keeping the readers attention on the important content.

My site has the potential to reach many different types of people. The focus is somewhat informative yet it has a lot of interesting information on things that I feel need to be changed. I do not feel like this is a site that would be particular interesting to drug dealers because I did not focus on how they should get out of their bind. There is always a demand for drugs and when there is such a strong demand, there will be suppliers. I feel that one of the main issues of solving this problem is helping people get out of their addictive cycles. We need to find ways to decrease the demand for harmful drugs. People who are interested in finding ways out of addiction may find some useful information in my hypertext.

I highlighted a number of goals half-way through the quarter which I felt were important to achieve. As mentioned earlier, composition was one of my main focuses. Although it is very important to make the site interesting, I found that by keeping the design relatively simple, the site was more effective in keeping the readers interested. If I went too far with the design, it almost seemed distracting. Another goal that I wanted to focus on was adding more links within my text and that is a process that I am still involved in. I want to make sure that the reader feels like they are going somewhere and by using both a navigation bar and links it allows the reader to have many options in terms of direction.

The blogging on Google were helpful because they allowed me to see other student’s opinions with even more detail than some of the class discussions. If there was one thing I could do over again, it would be to use the blogs to my advantage even more.

critical thinking

1."Critical thinking is the use of those cognitive skills or strategies that increase the probability of a desirable outcome. It is used to describe thinking that is purposeful, reasoned and goal directed - the kind of thinking involved in solving problems, formulating inferences, calculating likelihoods, and making decisions when the thinker is using skills that are thoughtful and effective for the particular context and type of thinking task. Critical thinking also involves evaluating the thinking process - the reasoning that went into the conclusion we've arrived at the kinds of factors considered in making a decision. Critical thinking is sometimes called directed thinking because it focuses on a desired outcome." Halpern, Diane F. Thought and Knowledge: An Introduction to Critical Thinking. 1996.

2.Critical thinking is "the art of thinking about your thinking while you are thinking in order to make your thinking better: more clear, more accurate, or more defensible." Paul, Binker, Adamson, and Martin (1989)

3."Critical thinking includes the ability to respond to material by distinguishing between facts and opinions or personal feelings, judgments and inferences, inductive and deductive arguments, and the objective and subjective. It also includes the ability to generate questions, construct, and recognize the structure of arguments, and adequately support arguments; define, analyze, and devise solutions for problems and issues; sort, organize, classify, correlate, and analyze materials and data; integrate information and see relationships; evaluate information, materials, and data by drawing inferences, arriving at reasonable and informed conclusions, applying understanding and knowledge to new and different problems, developing rational and reasonable interpretations, suspending beliefs and remaining open to new information, methods, cultural systems, values and beliefs and by assimilating information." MCC General Education Initiatives

These three quotes describe the process I have gone through so far in designing my hypertext. Initially, I had to use a great deal of judgement about the sources I was finding and whether or not they could help me. I found out there is a lot of useless information out there, and finding legitimate resources is a long process. Then, once I did find some useful information, I had to think about how I could present it in the most effective manner. The advangtage of a hypertext is that they are much more engaging than formal essays, and I needed to decide how I was going to use this advantage. Also, a lot of information I had, while on the same topic, conflicted in some manner. To get past these problems, I had to think critically about what information would benefit my site the most, and then use that source rather than cause confusion with two.
Writing this hypertext has been different from any other essay I've worked on mostly because hypertext flow is much more liberated than that of an ordinary essay. Instead of hitting point after point as I would typically writing an essay, with hypertext I found that I was all over the place working on one section followed by a totally different aspect on another section. A regular essay also doesn't have the intricate design and aesthetic work associated with it obviously.

Critical Thinking of Travis Lee

All along our scholarly career, we are on the constant journey to find the “right answer”. In essays, we are looking for the right response and the right formula of sources and examples. Even though some teachers encourage students that there is no “right answer” answer in some cases, we still look. The engineering side of me agrees with Halpren when she says that critical thinking is ‘the use of those skills or strategies that increase the probability of a desirable outcome.’ I am constantly acquiring new skills and problem solving abilities in my studies of math, physics, and other sciences. I use these skills to solve new, harder problems. In my hypertext, I am acquiring many new skills and I use them to try and solve things to a standard.

In research for the hypertext, you have to do a lot of “judgment” on the scholar or author’s writing. You can’t take every piece of evidence or opinion as the Word of God. Moore and Parker illustrate that in their definition of critical thinking as the “determination of whether to accept, reject, or suspend judgment.’

Putting both these definitions, Lindzey, Hall, and Thompson define critical thinking as the ‘examination and testifying of suggested solutions to see whether they will work.’ In the formulation of the hypertext, I have to go over pages time and time again to see whether the pictures/text are relevant or whether the format of the page works for future viewers. It’s a guess-and-check process that I use to find Halpren’s ‘probability of a desirable outcome.’

Critcal Thinking

Critical thinking, that is a headache within itself. For me critical thinking is what Ennis said “deciding what to believe or do”. When I write I always write what I feel or in other words what I read and believe in when I read the material, using the skills of reasonably and reflectively, of course. Not only do I put into consideration of what I believe, but thought process of what to do after I have considered reason and reflection that went into it questioning the topic. To consider what I do after understanding what I believe I would turn to Paul, Binker, and Adamson because their definition of critical thinking. In which I would have to go back and read, again, and think of what I thought of the first time to make things a lot more clear, accurate, and less of a judgmental believe. Thinking at the same time as reviewing the work can be fairly hard, but it does make things a lot more definite and understandable. Paul, Binker, and Adamson call it “the art of thinking” and that is a good way to put it because it is. To think critically involves a lot of thinking, as artwork involves a lot of staring and imagination. After I read the article twenty times, I then look for inspiration from Lindzey, Hall, and Thompson. In this case I have to examine what I have re-thought about and see if in the end it will work out as a suggestible solution.

Critically Thinking about Critically Thinking

Out of all the definitions I really took in 4 that seemed to sum up the experience of writing a hyper text. I probably wouldn't have been able to critically think about all the various elements of writing a hyper text if it wasn't for the persistent teaching. Because we were encouraged to think of the audience while we developed our sites we followed Ennis's definition of critical thinking as, "Reasonably and reflectively deciding what to believe or do." We've constantly been pushed to think of an A.D.D. reader by using Dang's knowledge of internet reading. This has given me something to critically think about and has effected the choices I've made about how to construct my hypertext. The MCC General Education Initiatives had a lot to say about critical thinking, but what I pulled from it was to, "devise solutions for problems and issues...sort and organize data...and remain open." These were all elements involved in creating a hypertext. We've really had to look at how to make issues come alive for people who are curious or ignorant. I've had to find more diverse data then any other writing experience that I've had before. Remaining open has also been vital in all situations when working with this new media and many new situations of writing. With Diane Halpem's her definition really emphasizes the point of thinking about actions and how they will effect others. The way we've been taught to write hypertexts is through critically thinking about what choices our readers will make and how to best reach them. Each definition can apply it self some way to our hypertext experience. That's a good sign for all of us, not only are we learning how to write with new media we are being encouraged to think critically.

Kurland:
He says, "considering a variety of possible viewpoints and explanations," is part of critical thinking. This is important for writing in hypertext because getting multiple perspectives is important for creating a complete hypertext essay.

NCTE Committee on Critical Thinking and the Language Arts:
What they say about critical thinking is that it ultimately leads to action. This is what many of our hypertexts are basically about: finding out about the low wage life, and what can be done about it.

Halpern:
She says, "Critical thinking is the use of those cognitive skills or strategies that increase the probability of a desirable outcome." Writing in hypertext uses this idea. The desirable outcome of a hypertext essay is one that effectively communicates to the viewer what the essay is about. We have studied many strategies for effective ways to communicate in hypertext.

Critical Thinking

When I think of critical thinking, I get the idea of a time to evaluate what has been done, and it is now time to make a firm decision. The NCTE committee believes that judgment is suspended in order for a decision to be made. I also believe that critical thinking involves exploring other options after evaluating the progress made thus far. Like Maiorana says, one must ask more questions and explore new view points. I don't think a project can be completed without stepping back from it, re-evaluating it, and then asking more questions or trying to look for new ways to improve it. When asking yourself questions about a project, you can look for what is wrong or what is ineffective. Then, after asking those questions, you can fix the problems. Like Halpern says, the goal of critical thinking is to use skills which will result in a "desirable outcome." Critical thinking is the use of these skills in order to better the outcome. Like Maiorana says, some of these skills involve asking questions and thinking outside the box. There are so many shapes which a hypertext can take, so it would be a good use of time to explore other options for your hypertext. Since Halpern says you are looking for a desirable outcome, the goal of exploring other options isn't to create the "correct" project, but to create the best project which you can.

Writing about thinking about thinking critically

-Critical thinking is the development of cohesive and logical reasoning patterns. Stahl and Stahl, 1991.

-"Broadly speaking, critical thinking is concerned with reason, intellectual honesty, and open-mindedness, as opposed too emotionalism, intellectual laziness, and closed-mindedness. Thus, critical thinking involves: following evidence where it leads; considering all possibilities; relying on reason rather than emotion; being precise; considering a variety of possible viewpoints and explanations; weighing the effects of motives and biases; being concerned more with finding the truth than with being right; not rejecting unpopular views out of hand; being aware of one's own prejudices and biases, and not allowing them to sway one's judgment."
Kurland, Daniel J. I Know What It Says . . . What does it Mean? 1995.

-Critical thinking is "the art of thinking about your thinking while you are thinking in order to make your thinking better: more clear, more accurate, or more defensible."
Paul, Binker, Adamson, and Martin (1989)

In terms of applying my notions towards hypertext creation, I can say honestly that I make the most progress when I constantly evaluate and make more concise, evocative, and straightforward the message behind the hypertext. Stahl and Stahl are absolutely right. Logical and cohesive reasoning powers bring cohesion and fluidity to a web-page. With links sensible and, well, logical, one need never fear that the reader is straying away from the main point or hypothesis. Even if they move out on a tangent, they're always directly or indirectly connected back to the main theme or idea. Kurland brings up an interesting point that I feel is directly applicable to my hypertext page and experience. The idea of open-mindedness as opposed to emotionalism rang the most clearly. With a pre-conceived disposition and mindset, one will stagnate in the constant denial of other ideas and points of view. The last quote about critical thinking I found quite comic yet intrinsically useful and insightful. The "thinking about the thinking to improve your thinking" or whatever just makes sense. The constant re-evaluation and re-assessment of one's own thinking process can only improve one's conceptual capacity and one's ability to recognize the good from the bad in terms of effectiveness, clarity, and other hypertext concerns and issues.

Writing in hypertext is necessarily different than writing a flat essay. My favorite analogy is that of the web. There's a central theme, and branches away that are all interconnected yet still connected to the main theme. Flat essay writing is more of a logical progression centered around a key point. One point leads to another that leads to another and so on. In a hypertext, though, one point can lead to myriad points, each of which could lead to myriad more. The options and ways of imparting information are more numerous and less linear in form. More is left open to the viewer of the web page in terms of their navigation and use of the site. In a linear essay, I guess, the writer is in the driver's seat. In hypertext the opposite is the case, but the creator must make sure that the reader is allowed this freedom of movement and that numerous angles and insights are provided to make his reading of the site worthwhile and mentally expansive.

critical thinking

Hypertext writing is incredibly different from all other types of writing I have ever done. It has challenged me to think in new and different ways. Essentially, it has encouraged me to think more critically about all all aspects of my writing. Those aspects include but are not limited to my intended audience, the purpose of my writing, the effectiveness of my words, the most effective layout etc... The critical thinking I have engaged in to create my hypertext aligns with the definitions of Halpern, Maiorana, and Smith.

Halpern suggests that critical thinking is important when reaching a desired outcome. I find this to be very true because in all my writing I have thought of how it best encourages people to become aware and active about the garment workers in Los Angeles.

Maiorana suggests that critical thinking is effective in solving problems through understanding, evaluating and resolving them. I find this to be true because the entire goal of my site has been to solve the issue of exploited low wage laborers.

Smith suggests that it is important to judge the validity of scholars on the issue. This is important because my writing is based on the gaps in certain scholarly research. That is, I feel I am trying to expose an issue that has been somewhat disregarded by the academic sphere.

I feel that there has been one very significant difference between my hypertext writing and my previous writing. I feel that this writing has a real purpose beyond the classroom such that much of my writing has been influenced by the possibility that people other than my professors will read what I have written. This has guided me to make decisions that I would have otherwise disregarded as unimportant.

critical thinking

Writing a hypertext requires a unique type of thinking. The first quote that I feels best defines my experience using critical thinking skills while working with hypertext is by Halpern, "Critical thinking is the use of those cognitive skills or strategies that increase the probability of a desirable outcome. It is used to describe thinking that is purposeful, reasoned and goal directed - the kind of thinking involved in solving problems, formulating inferences, calculating likelihoods, and making decisions when the thinker is using skills that are thoughtful and effective for the particular context and type of thinking task....Critical thinking is sometimes called directed thinking because it focuses on a desired outcome." I definitely feel that when writing / formulating a hypertext i need to have a sense of direction of where I am going- otherwise i will end up with a wide range of web pages that don't connect.
The second quote I picked was by Maiorana, "The purpose of critical thinking is, therefore, to achieve understanding, evaluate view points, and solve problems. Since all three areas involve the asking of questions, we can say that critical thinking is the questioning or inquiry we engage in when we seek to understand, evaluate, or resolve." This probably represents my whole outlook after working with hypertext. By designing a hypertext, you really need to know what it is you are trying to get across- you need to understand your topic to a degree that you understand all viewpoints and are able to propose a solution to any problems that you consider. Throughout this course, i have been asking myself numerous questions to deepen my understanding about issues in order to help propose solutions and resolve them.
the last quote i picked was by MCC General Education, "Critical thinking includes the ability to respond to material by distinguishing between facts and opinions or personal feelings, judgments and inferences, inductive and deductive arguments, and the objective and subjective...applying understanding and knowledge to new and different problems, developing rational and reasonable interpretations, suspending beliefs and remaining open to new information, methods, cultural systems, values and beliefs and by assimilating information...." This particularly addresses my process with working with hypertext because while working on certain issues, I've had to put certain issues aside and evaluate situations without a bias. It has forced me to remain open to new ideas and in some cases changed my opinion on certain issues. Although it was hard to do at times, it has made me see situations from different points of view and allowed me an opportunity to deepen my critical thinking skills by remaining open.

Quotes about Critical Thinking

The three quotes I thought described the process of critical thinking for hypertext the best are from Diane Halpern, Victor Maiorana, and MCC General Education Initiatives.

Diane Halpern talks about critical thinking as "goal directed" which I found was very true while writing for hypertext. I know how I wanted my pages to look and generally what I wanted to say, but I had to work towards these goals. She also talks about being "thoughtful and effective for the particular context" which is very true when writing for hypertext. We have to think about the context when we are creating our pages.

Victor Maiorana talks about evaluating viewpoints, which was a big part of writing for these hypertexts. We had to look at a lot of different viewpoints when writing for something that will be published online. He also talks about problem solving, which I thought I did a lot as well when I was writing. There are a lot more problems when trying to write for hypertext, so I had to think about how to solve them.

The last quote from MCC General Education Initiatives talked about "distinguishing between facts and opinions or personal feelings, judgments and inferences" which I thought we had to do a lot while writing these hypertext essays. Since we were publishing this information on the web, we had to be sure we were putting up objective information and not just someone's opinions. We had to evaluate a lot of information on certain levels that are not thought of when writing a linear paper.

Evalutaion Of Critical Thinking

The critical thinking definitions that most apply to my writing of the hypertext essays are those by Simon and Kapplar, Victor Mairoana, and Lindzey, Hall, and Thompson. Simon and Kapplar says that critical thinking is the "formation of logical inferences." I believe this goes along with the creation of a hypertext because a hypertext must be entirely interconnected while at the same time being connected with the world outside of it as well. Points must move in a logical order, yet allow the reader to see how the second to last page is connected to the third page of the site and allow him or her to jump around while still maintaining the same thesis. Victor Mairoana said that we use critical thinking to "achieve understanding, evaluate view points, and solve problems," and I think this also applies to the hypertexts that we have learned how to write. We use the websites to not only learn about a subject by ourselves, but to also formulate our own opinion and try to help the visitors to our site try to understand the problem as well. The hypertext also allows us to link to a worldwide community in order to promote a global understanding a a more unified effort of solving problems. Lastly, Lindzey, Hall, and Thompson say that critical thinking is the "examination and testing of suggested solutions to see whether they will work." This works both with the design of the website and the content. We struggle as authors of hypertexts to find variations of both design and content of our websites in order to both capture the reader's attention and at the same time try to allow them to hear a clear argument. This process of trial and error allows us to create wonderful projects that are clearly thought out and that will hopefully make a difference to the world, or at least the reader.

Critical Thinking 101

I'm going to break it down based on each statement about critical thinking;

1.Critical thinking is careful and deliberate determination of whether to accept, reject, or suspend judgment.
Moore and Parker, 1994.
This statement is very relevant to how we've been thinking (or at least I have) for this class, especially about hypertext #2. My topic is on legal immigrant gardeners and their struggle to survive, as well as examining the effects of illegal immigrants on this ability. I find it funny because there are some cases where gardeners are very successful human beings, running their own businesses and becoming mini business tycoons, so in that regard i need to "suspend" judgment.

2."The purpose of critical thinking is, therefore, to achieve understanding, evaluate view points, and solve problems. Since all three areas involve the asking of questions, we can say that critical thinking is the questioning or inquiry we engage in when we seek to understand, evaluate, or resolve."
Maiorana, Victor P. Critical Thinking Across the Curriculum: Building the Analytical Classroom. 1992.
This one is DEFINITELY what this class is based on, asking random questions. Alot of "Why" and "How" questions are asked in this class, and so i believe that this pretty much nails it on the spot on how critical thinking is done here. I personally have asked some pretty generalized questions in this class, and begun to examine things that i had previously assumed as normal or average, and not out of the ordinary.

3.Critical thinking is "a process which stresses an attitude of suspended judgment, incorporates logical inquiry and problem solving, and leads to an evaluative decision or action."
NCTE Committee on Critical Thinking and the Language Arts.
Finally, this quote is more of an application of the two quotes above, and really sheds light on how we solve problems in this class. I think critical thinking in this class is really a combination of all 3 quotes, because we're asking all of these questions and then suspending certain parts of our judgment to logically come to a conclusion about the topic or idea we're studying. Overall, this class' end of critical thinking is really a multi-faceted idea of how to explain and come up with solutions to problems that we haven't even necessarily discovered yet.

Differences in writing hypertext vs. writing a 5 paragraph essay;
For me, writing a hypertext is much more engaging and interesting than writing a standing 5 paragraph essay. Hypertext allows me to express my opinion whenever i feel it is necessary, and it also allows me to go in depth and allow my readers to jump and change their focus on certain parts of my writing. In regards to a 5 paragraph essay, a hypertext doesn't really have a thesis, it really has an idea... which i like much, much, better. Marc said it perfectly when he said that a thesis is like a hammer that you're bashing over your reader's head. I couldn't agree more. I feel like a hypertext is a better type of writing when it comes to developing an idea or expressing your opinion of that idea to a greater mass of people. While it is somewhat informal, because it is just as such, as readers you feel more connected to the writer, whereas in a 5 paragraph essay it feels like you're being lectured or told about the topic.

critical thinking

i think Halpern's definition,

"Critical thinking is the use of those cognitive skills or strategies that increase the probability of a desirable outcome. It is used to describe thinking that is purposeful, reasoned and goal directed - the kind of thinking involved in solving problems, formulating inferences, calculating likelihoods, and making decisions when the thinker is using skills that are thoughtful and effective for the particular context and type of thinking task. Critical thinking also involves evaluating the thinking process - the reasoning that went into the conclusion we've arrived at the kinds of factors considered in making a decision. Critical thinking is sometimes called directed thinking because it focuses on a desired outcome."

Stahl and Stahl's definition,

"Critical thinking is the development of cohesive and logical reasoning patterns."

and Lindzey's definition,

"Critical thinking is "the examination and testing of suggested solutions to see whether they will work."

are the best definitions for critical thinking. from my experience whenever i do critical thinking, i usually need to solve a problem and figure out whether or not a statement is true or not and if i agree with it. i have to consider all points of view or solutions before coming to my conclusion, which is what halpern, stahl and stahl and lindzey all say. critical thinking is thinking logically about things you've learned before and putting it all together to produce a cohesive argument or conclusion.
i hope to create a website that forces people to think critically and create their own opinions about a certain topic. i wish to include all the views, positive and negative about my topic, so that people will think critically before making a judgment as soon as they figure out what my topic is. i don't want to lean toward any one side of my topic until i have considered all views.

the difference between the writing i've done in the past compared to the writing now is a lot more structured. all the papers i've written in the past all have the same structure and look the same. none of my papers ever had graphics or pictures, which is one very big difference to the writing i do now. i think pictures and graphic help and enhance a paper a lot. i wouldn't want to be the teacher reading forty papers over the weekend if they were just a bunch of words with no graphics. with graphic, papers become a lot easier on the eyes, instead of reading papers all day long, one can relax for a bit to look at the pictures on the side of a paper. the hypertext writing now is also a lot easier because we don't have to worry about writing transitions or summaries, everything is held together by links.

An Original Title

"the examination and testing of suggested solutions to see whether they will work."

This is the one that i think sums it up the best. How many times did Marc as well as the entire class give us suggestions about how to do it, or what to improve on? but when it got right down to it, we just had to try it. Sometimes it worked, sometimes it didn't, but we had to figure it out. We couldn't have simply done what they said we should, we had to examine and test each one to see if it would work with our site.

"Critical thinking is careful and deliberate determination of whether to accept, reject, or suspend judgment."

This one was also very close to what critical thinking meant. While the first quote said what we should do, assuming we accepted the criticism, this quote points out that hey, screw them, i can decide what to do for myself. and while that is kind of crass, that is a huge part of critical thinking, is deciding which ones to take, to listen to, and which ones to ignore or defer.

"The purpose of critical thinking is, therefore, to achieve understanding, evaluate view points, and solve problems. Since all three areas involve the asking of questions, we can say that critical thinking is the questioning or inquiry we engage in when we seek to understand, evaluate, or resolve."

This summed it up pretty nicely. At first we had to ask a question to even begin making our projects. And so, we sought after understanding when we first started. Secondly, we evaluated view points, those of our teacher and classmates to decide if they were valid or not, and how much weight to put behind the suggestions. and finally, we had to solve problems. We looked at what we had to change, at all teh shortcomings our site had, and change whatever was necessary to resolve the issue.

Differences in writing, now and before:
The main difference is in this class is the lack of a coherent topic. In high school, there was always a reason for writing, a point you were supposed to get across. If i were to do an essay on one of my websites, it would be a simple, one-track essay with a self explanatory title and a clear focus. Now however, there are so many different angles and literally hundreds of ways to present them, that the reason for doing it seems clouded, unclear. The point of the website is hidden almost. If I were to finish reading a website and ask myself the question "so what? why should i care?", i would have a much harder time answering it than at the end of my old essays. Reading a traditional essay, you know what you are reading and what the person is saying. In one of our websites, both of these can get very confused.

Critical Thinking

Critical thinking is the development of cohesive and logical reasoning patterns.

Stahl and Stahl, 1991.

While working on my hypertext i have made a point to use logical reasoning patterns. For instance, I try to make sure my links are clear and they follow a logic pattern. The most important thing for a website is to ensure that it is user friendly and people can use logic and simple thinking to navigate the page. that is what I've tried to create for my website.

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Critical thinking is careful and deliberate determination of whether to accept, reject, or suspend judgment.
Moore and Parker, 1994.

Once again i think it is imperative to evaluate the hypertext, imagine it from all angles, and see what can be changed. Once I've challenged myself to answer these questions i can then accept, reject, or suspend my judgment. But only through my judgment can i question and change my work.

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"The purpose of critical thinking is, therefore, to achieve understanding, evaluate view points, and solve problems. Since all three areas involve the asking of questions, we can say that critical thinking is the questioning or inquiry we engage in when we seek to understand, evaluate, or resolve."
Maiorana, Victor P. Critical Thinking Across the Curriculum: Building the Analytical Classroom. 1992.

This definition describes my experience of composing hypertext. I look at different view points, i try to understand others, and try to think of all possible outcomes. Therefor i think that questioning is a key part of what I've done with my hypertext. I really try to push myself to see what else can happen, what can i change, what can i edit. I revise and revise till i think I've successfully answered all those questions.

The way i write for a an academic, research paper differs hugely from a hypertext. For a hypertext i write small excerpts and link each excerpt (or paragraph) lightly. In other words there doest have to be a concrete connection- i can loosely link parts together. When writing an "traditional" paper i need to be more concrete and direct. Also on a hypertext i do a lot of my writing with pictures or design, as where a traditional paper i must use only words and follow a certain way of writing.

Critical Thinking

Definitions of Critical Thinking are best for writing a hypertext:
Maiorana: I think Maiorana brings up a good point when he states that we must take into consideration different viewpoints on various topics. Specifically writing a hypertext allows the author to bring to light different opinions in a unique way so the ability to critically evaluate those beliefs and present it to the reader in a organized and non biased fashion is imperative to critically writing a hypertext.
NCTE Committee: The committee talks about incorporating an attitude of suspended judgment with logical inquiry and problem solving. I believe that not holding prejudice is key to critical thinking. Only when you suspend your own biases and add logic can true critical evaluation flourish in a hypertext essay.
Ennis: "Critical thinking is "reasonably and reflectively deciding what to believe or do." Ennis conveys the necessity for reflection as apart of rational evaluation. We must reflect and ponder with pure reason to critically think about something. Thinking is only the tip of the ice burg, it is reflection that results in true understanding.

Differences in essay writing before and Hypertext writing now:
The most important difference for me is the incorperation of various genres to illustrate your information to the reader. This allows you the freedom of expression to use the best medium to convey your ideas. More mediums envoke to different levels of comprehension which result in deeper understanding. Also, different points are more effectively communicated in through unique methods.

critical thinking

Critical thinking is "the art of thinking about your thinking while you are thinking in order to make your thinking better: more clear, more accurate, or more defensible." Paul, Binker, Adamson, and Martin (1989)
Critical thinking is the formation of logical inferences. Simon and Kapplan, 1989.
Critical thinking is "the examination and testing of suggested solutions to see whether they will work."
I think that these three definitions best describe the formation of my hypertext so far, but I think the first definition describes my process the best overall. While I was making different pages for my hypertext, the second one, I has one set topic that I was writing on. As I started to write more, there were subcategories that were coming up in the main topic I was writing about and then I made links for those categories. The one page that I sought to make turned into 5 pages easily. Also, the much experimenting I did to come up with an effective design can best be described by the third definition of critical thinking pasted above. In class we were given suggestions on how to improve our site. From easy navigation to making it seem like there is less context on the page than there really is so it would not scare of the reader. In order to come up with an effective design for the hypertext one has to do a little of experimenting with the setup and placement of text and pictures. The writing has to be reviewed over and over again because you want the writing to be interesting and to the point because if there is excessive definition and unnecessary writing in the hypertext, the viewer is more likely to skim over the work and not read it. Also, I think that links have to be carefully chosen so that they are clear to the reader and so readers will want to click on them. The links are ways to get deeper into your site and you don't want people to miss the details which will then make your hypertext "more accurate" and "more defensible."
The difference between writing for hypertext and writing essays is that writing essays is a bit of a drag. With hypertext, your ideas don't have to be formal as in a thesis for each page. Each page of the hypertext is like a new paragraph in an essay but without the boring opening sentence and the transition sentence to the next paragraph in the end. All the pages are related to each other somehome and it doesn't matter what page you start with in the hypertext, whereas in an essay the first paragraph has to lead to the seond and the second has to lead to the third and so on. Hypertext can also include bullets instead of all linear writing as in an essay. If i had to choose writing in hypertext and writing an essay I would chose writing in hypertext. It's much more easy and faster to complete and besides from wanting to write in hypertext rather than in essay form, I'd also rather read hypertext than an essay.

Critical Thinking

Although I felt that many of these definitions of critical thinking were accurate, the three that I chose really do reflect my experience in my journey to learn how to write in hypertext. You really do have to change your trajectory of thinking when writing in hypertext. The definitions I chose were written by Halpern, Kurland, and Maicrana. When reading Halpern's definition I really felt as if she was discussing hypertext specifically. There is a very specific path that you must take to get to a specific hypertext, involving cognitive skills and the strategies that Halpern discusses to "increase the probability of a desireable outcome". In my mind, the "desirable outcome" in the context of hypertext would be someone being able to easily navigate your site, being able to understand it, and being inspired to action after reviewing it. Halpern states that critical thinking is "purposeful, reasoned, and goal-directed" and I think I used attempted to achieve these characteristics in hypertext more than in any other writing I have done.
Maiorana's definition also stood out to me as being extremely valuable in the context of a hypertext essay. With the possibility of multiple layers of our website, we were encouraged to "evaluate view points and solve problems". In our second hypertext, with the review of literature, I attempted to "add to the discourse", to propose what particular viewpoint I was contributing to the issue with my website. As Maiorana claims, "the purpose of critical thinking is to achieve understanding..", which I also feel is a goal that we are striving to reach in our second hypertext essay. We are trying to evoke the lived experience of a low wage worker, and in order to do this, we must be able to "achieve understanding" of these people's lives within ourselves.
Kurland's definition also outlined for me some of the most vital components of writing in hypertext. In his definition, he emphasizes "intellectual honesty", which is something that is necessary in all writing of course, but more important to recognize in this context. We had many class discussions about the issue of copyright, and the fact that writing can be very much influenced by how public it can be. I definitely altered my way of writing due to the fact that it would be viewed by so many people. I made it a point to adhere to all copyright laws, because in this case, not doing so can be much more detrimental that plagiarizing a five paragraph essay. Kurland insists that to achieve critical thinking we must "consider all possibilities, variety of viewpoints and explanations." Once again I feel that this statement is especially salient in the issue of hypertext because we take points of view from all sides of the issue and can develop a more well-rounded argument by doing so.

Critical Thinking

Critical thinking is truly defined individually by the one doing the thinking, but there are a few quotes listed which capture what it means to me to think critically. To put ideas and thoughts together in the form of a hypertext provides not only the reader, but myself with a clearer and more refined idea of what it is I am discussing.

The first quote I chose is that of Kurland's, because it truly relates to the discussion I lead on my site. He speaks of avoiding close-mindedness and intellectual laziness, two vices that have plagued proper analysis of my issue. But more importantly, he makes a note to mention that one must be continually aware of one's own judgment and biases. As I play computer games myself, I must be careful not to let my own prejudices about the system affect my analysis and discussion of low-wage gold farming and the online gaming-related factors.

The second quote that connects the dots in my topic is that of Simon/Kapplan, who say that "Critical thinking is the formation of logical inferences." In my own experience having written various paragraphs on my hypertext topic, this cannot be more true. In discussing the low-wage life of gold farmers, one must make inferences in order to generate points of discussion, especially with a topic that has thus far received very little critical analysis, given it's widespread and growing influence.

The final quote I chose was that of Paul, Binker, Adamson, and Martin, in that "the art of thinking about your thinking while you are thinking in order to make your thinking better: more clear, more accurate, or more defensible." My thought process on the topic is one thing, but having been thinking critically about it, I can say with first-hand experience that I am able to better articulate the nuances of the material, putting sentences together on my pages of the hypertext that are clear, concise, and cognizant of the overall message that I wish users to receive as they surf from page to page.

Overall, critical thinking is, for me, considering the factors that have made my issue such a large one, and categorizing the factors which caused it to continually grow exponentially. By being able to articulate these ideas and cross the spectrum of catalysts, I can give the readers a clear idea of my hypertext material, so that they too can make informed decisions about what will a larger and larger issue, as more and more players enter the virtual world of gaming.

In terms of comparing my previous writing endeavors to that of this hypertext, if anything there is an aspect of unbridled freedom that I feel as I segment my discussions into different pages. To be able to assert specific topics on different pages under the umbrella of a hypertext topic gives not only my work a better sense of direction, but I would imagine gives my readers a better road-map of what it is I discuss. To the hypertext extent, I would say that the virtual medium this class has offered has served to prepare us for a lifestyle in which the written word is antiquated in the face of the digital counterpart. We attempt to express ourselves personally through a naturally impersonal medium, compensating for the lack of visual emotion with critical richness that keeps readers interested.

critical thinking

Although writing a hypertext essay requires a different form of writing than the traditional form that most of us are more familiar with, the thought process is still rather similar. I agree with Maiorana’s interpretation of critical thinking which suggests that in order to think critically, one must be inquisitive. If one were to write solely about that which is already known, what would that essay accomplish? Writing is intended to be informative and oftentimes thought-provoking, and neither can be accomplished if the author does not first ask the difficult questions. Ultimately, as the quote suggests, these questions will lead to a greater understanding of the topic at hand, and will therefore allow the author to better evaluate and ultimately resolve the issue that his topic initially presents.

Additionally, I support Kurland’s interpretation of critical thinking which suggests that one must remain emotionally uninvolved in the subject matter, and must keep an open mind. This concept goes hand in hand with the notion that critical thinking involves inquiry. If one were to become emotionally involved, he risks not looking into more than one perspective, and therefore is unable to fully resolve the issue presented. Moreover, to become involved emotionally suggests that the author is not keeping an open mind, which is critical when one is asked to write an unbiased piece.

Finally, I agreed with Stahl’s definition of critical thinking. In any piece of writing, it is imperative to first observe “cohesive and logical reasoning patterns” in order to create a cohesive and logical product.

1) Moore and Parker, 1994.

I believe this definition of critical thinking provides the best representation. We can judge a situation based on what what we've heard from other people or the media, but we never will know the truth unless we have researched other valid view points. To be able to consciously recognize your judgment and determine whether it valid is critical thinking.

2) Ennis (1985)

This is along same lines as my first choice, but it focuses on belief. Is the issue right or wrong? Again, it's easy to believe something, but it's not the same if you've first reviewed the subject and gone back to see what is actually going on. It impossible to not subconsciously take a stance on an issue, but it is possible to change it.

3) Maiorana, Victor P. Critical Thinking Across the Curriculum: Building the Analytical Classroom. 1992.

Eventually, through all the facts, statistics and personal accounts we will come to a conclusion about what we believe or what we judge. Constantly, we must ask ourselves why is it wrong or why is it right? In order to come to a conclusion, we must ask ourselves what is the other side of story? what are the exceptions.

3 Best Definitions for Critical Thinking & Hypertexts

1. Critical thinking is "the examination and testing of suggested solutions to see whether they will work."
Lindzey, Hall, and Thompson, 1978.

2. Critical thinking is "the art of thinking about your thinking while you are thinking in order to make your thinking better: more clear, more accurate, or more defensible."
Paul, Binker, Adamson, and Martin (1989)

3. "The purpose of critical thinking is, therefore, to achieve understanding, evaluate view points, and solve problems. Since all three areas involve the asking of questions, we can say that critical thinking is the questioning or inquiry we engage in when we seek to understand, evaluate, or resolve."
Maiorana, Victor P. Critical Thinking Across the Curriculum: Building the Analytical Classroom. 1992.

My first choice represents the best critical thinking definition while creating a hypertext. My experience has been a complete trial and error system. I will make a post for my site and alter it the hour. When something goes technologically wrong, I try my hardest not to hesitate in clicking various buttons. I learn the best when I take risks even if they are mistakes. If you have an idea for your site, create it because you can always make changes later.

The second definition about “thinking, thinking, thinking” is very much the way I go about my writing and site making. I have to think about my thinking while thinking especially because we are both writing and designing at the same time. Making these connections helps the final product be more clear and accurate.

The third definition I selected is similar to the second about achieving understanding. Along with this, one must evaluate and solve problems. For example, after deciding your links you have to evaluate whether they are effective, and if they are not, then solve the problem by making all links fall under the 4 questions we set up as guidelines. We are constantly questioning our product in order to continue the cycle of understanding, evaluating, and solving. Asking questions is the best way to improve you’re the solidity of your project.

The three quotes I picked on critical thinks were ones by Daniel Kurland, Stephen Norris, and Victor Maiorana. The one I liked the most was the one by Daniel Kurland. When defining critical thinking he brought up the point of leaving “emotionalism” out of critical thinking. When I thought about this I realized the often times emotions are what normally cause people to be close minded. To me this is a very helpful reminder to leave the morality aspect out of my project. To me selling drugs is morally wrong, yet when I put my morals aside I realize that the whole world doesn’t see things the way I do, and people have to do, what they have to do to survive.

The other quote I picked was one by Norris. I liked this quote because I believe that often times people believe things to easily. The just believe things without really knowing why they believe, they just believe because they think that’s what they are supposed to do.

The third quote I picked was one by Marioana. I liked his quote because it talked about questions things. There are three things you do to achieve understanding and all of them involving questioning. I like that fact that critically thinking does not just involve memorize regurgitated information, its playing around with the information and drawing your own conclusions.

Critical Thinking

"Critical thinking is the development of cohesive and logical reasoning patterns." This quote applies strongly to my work with hypertexts so far. My project goal is to create a body of material that logically guides the reader through it's various sections in a logical manner. In my critical thinking on hypertext, there is no way to avoid the development of logical reasoning patterns.

Smith, 1990:

Critical Thinking

The three quotes that I feel best describes how critical thinking applies to hypertext writing are the ones by the MCC General Education Initiatives, Smith (1990), and Stahl and Stahl (1991). I feel that these three reflect best because they each address the process as a whole or parts of the process used in this kind of writing. The first step of the process is looking at what literature is already out there and deciding how this information works with our topic and if it is valid information. Smith and the MCC both address this directly. Then to make the work your own you must analyze all that you have learned and synthesize the information to create your own work. In order to do this you must have a clear, logical process and approach. The quote by Stahl and Stahl hits the logic portion clearly, which is the base of critical thinking. Smith takes it to the next level focusing on comprehending a source that you may be given and its validity. The MCC then takes it all the way through the whole process by outlining not only each step, but then how to bring it all together into one product. This is so important in hypertext essay because, as there is now set beginning and end, there has to be a consistent theme through out the site that is very clear. To insure that you have no extra information and everything in comprehensive you must apply these principles of critical thinking to your hypertext essay writing.

My top three definitions in respect to composing hypertexts were by MCC General Education Initiatives (1), Victor P. Maiorana (2), and Diane F. Halpern (3). The MCC definition relates to composing hypertexts perfectly when it said, “It (critical thinking) also includes the ability to generate questions, construct, and recognize the structure of arguments, and adequately support arguments. It goes on to say that in order to think critically you must see relationships and evaluate information/ data and come up with solutions while remaining open to different beliefs and methods. That is the main goal of hypertexts. You want to be opinionated and clear about the purpose of your website while maintaining an open mind and presenting the material in an unbiased fashion.

The second definition by Victor P Maiorana states that you must achieve understanding, evaluate view points, and solve problems. Again, when composing a hypertext you need to come up with a view point and have a purpose. It is important to evaluate the situation and come up with solutions.

The third definition by Halpern is right on the money in terms of making sure that you are goal oriented with purposeful insight and reasoning. Also, one must evaluated their thinking process once they feel like they have reached a conclusion.

Critical Thinking about Critical Thinking

Something that came up in several of the defenitions of "critical thinking" we read was the importance of "suspesion of judgement." In the age of the internet, there is a danger that we can become trapped in an "echo chamber," seeking like-minded opinions without paying mind to any opposing voices. This can push us to extremes of opinions that may not be based on the facts, or the "whole truth." When I was researching immigration, I was surprised to learn about the recent immigration reforms that Bush proposed, that seemed to come close to amnesty. I can't be sure that this is the "whole truth" either, but either way my opinions of Bush as a president were challenged. This suspension of judgement is essential in writing a good hypertext, becuase it strengthens our argument by making our perspective more holistic.

Critical Thinking

1. MCC General Education Initiatives
2. Maiorana, Victor P. Critical Thinking Across the Curriculum: Building the Analytical Classroom. 1992.
3. Kurland, Daniel J. I Know What It Says . . . What does it Mean? 1995.


I believe the MCC General Education Initiatives' definition of critical thinking is most suitable for our hypertext essays because he states that it, "includes the ability to respond to material by distinguishing between facts and opinions or personal feelings". Although we utilized a series of scholarly articles/journals as well as books for our research, we also rely on information gathered by the internet. This information may contain a lot of bias, which could shift our standpoint on a certain subject. In addition, they believe that critical thinking requires us to, "sort, organize, classify, correlate, and analyze materials and data; integrate information and see relationships". In our hypertext essays, we spread our essays over multiple pages, yet, they are all related. What we are doing when we are generating our websites is sorting information into specific subjects, while correlating them by using links.
The next suitable definition is Maiorana's because she states that critical thinking requires us to, "achieve understanding, evaluate view points, and solve problems". This is very similar to the MCC definition because, once again, we are researching while questioning the credibility of our resources to make sure certain biases/prejudices do not alter our judgment. The final process of critical thinking is formulating our own conclusion/solution based on our research.

Critical Thinking

1) "Critical thinking is the use of those cognitive skills or strategies that increase the probability of a desirable outcome. It is used to describe thinking that is purposeful, reasoned and goal directed - the kind of thinking involved in solving problems, formulating inferences, calculating likelihoods, and making decisions when the thinker is using skills that are thoughtful and effective for the particular context and type of thinking task. Critical thinking also involves evaluating the thinking process - the reasoning that went into the conclusion we've arrived at the kinds of factors considered in making a decision. Critical thinking is sometimes called directed thinking because it focuses on a desired outcome."
Halpern, Diane F. Thought and Knowledge: An Introduction to Critical Thinking. 1996.

2) Critical thinking is "the examination and testing of suggested solutions to see whether they will work."
Lindzey, Hall, and Thompson, 1978.

3) Critical thinking is "the art of thinking about your thinking while you are thinking in order to make your thinking better: more clear, more accurate, or more defensible

I relate the most to the description of critical thinking that focuses on a favorable outcome. Most of what I do is in order to achieve a good outcome. The driving force behind my desire to right a good hypertext is so that I get a good grade in this class. I constantly look forward and do not learn things for the joy of learning them, but so that I can get a good grade and forget all of the information right after I take my final. Also what drives me is thinking about a nice, artistic, and polished final product. I start something so that I can be proud of the end product and I work hard to get there.

I also go through a great deal of testing while I am working on a project. I like to try out a lot of different thinks to see how they will fit with my final project. I am a huge believer in trial and error and I believe that in the end, all of the errors will improve the final result. The solutions that I try usually don’t work and I can get frustrated, but in the end all of the work was worth it when it all comes together. I went through a lot of trial and error on my second hypertext as far as the design of the web page and the different topics of the links. This helped me to see what would work the best and create a more effective hypertext.

The third description of the concept of critical thinking greatly describes my personal thinking methods. It is all about making yourself better so that you can better the product. I am constantly in my head thinking about improving myself and my work. In order to do this, I must improve the depth of my own critical thinking so that my writing will have greater analyses. It is important to have different approaches to thinking about a topic so that you can tackle it from many different angles and represent many possibilities.

Critical Thinking

I believe the processes of critically thinking is varies within differnet subjects. In sciences, its i think critical thinking has to do with facts and math and hopefully matching results to confirm answers. In this case I could relate to Linzey, Hall, and Thompson. However in english, in order to read or to write critically, I think that one needs to find a topic, find different view points, discuss them, find the logic in each, find a solution to problems, and then write. Thus I think that my writing relates most to Victor Maiorana's and NCTR Committe's notion on what critical thinking is. However, I did not think that this website was quite like anything I had ever written. I approached my hypertext as a project that ultimately will provide information about my topic in a subtle way in which the readers would not be bored. I never really thought of developing this project in such a away that critically formed to lure in readers, but as I look over my hypertext I realize that I have unknownly created a website that asks questions, inquires certain aspects of my topic, that tries to resolve the problem or give an answer, and that try to give several view points to ultimately provide understanding for the reader.

Critical Thinking

1)Daniel Kurland
2)Victor Maiorana
3)Paul Binker

I can closely relate to Daniel Kurland's example of critical Thinking. I approached my hypertext with an open mind disregarding the fact that i had experienced the negative effect of teenage employment first hand. From what is proposed in my research, my personal experience proves most articles wrong. Knowing that I was an exception to the majority of society, i approached my hypertext emotionless and open-minded. This was helpful because if i had written my hypertext with emotion, it would have turned out very biased and just a reflection of my personal experience.

Critical Thinking

1)Maiorana, Victor P.
2)Paul, Binker, Adamson, Martin
3)MCC General Education Initiatives

I believe that critical thinking is a process of asking questions before setting out on research. Critical thinking is an effort to understand what you are researching in a broad sense while being specific in your inquires. This is why I liked Victor Maiorana's interpretation. Specific and broad critical thinking, therefore, involves much more than taking in information and regurgitating it. For example, it involves thinking about your preconceived notions about a subject before you even begin researching. This is why I liked Paul, Binker, Adamson and Martin's interpretation. Critical thinking involves recognizing different thought patterns that emerge from engaging in different activities. The MCC interpretation embodies the initial two interpretations because it stresses the idea of thought organization. Critical thinking has to have some sort of structure to it to truly be effective. It also asserts the notion that critical thinking is truly "critical".

Critical Thinking and Hypertext

1. MCC General Education Initiatives
2. Halpern, Diane F. Thought and Knowledge: An Introduction to Critical Thinking. 1996.
3. Stahl and Stahl, 1991.

My experience in writing these two hypertext essays involved a lot of planning, outlining and mapping out. In a formal and flat piece of writing, I still utilize these strategies, but do so in a much less technical way. Hypertext requires many sections of the writing to have direct relation to each other as well as the main subject, whereas typical writing styles allow for a more separate and rigid form.

The first quote I found to ring true to how I formed my hypertext was the one by: MCC General Education Initiatives. This quote speaks to the process I used to gather information from research and form it into my own writing. This requires a sense of analyzing the material and taking my thought process to the next level to bring about more information by asking questions and forming opinions on the material.

Another quote I found applicable was by: Halpern, Diane F. Thought and Knowledge: An Introduction to Critical Thinking. 1996. I like how this quote explains critical thinking as a sort of a mathematic series of thought. I think this way in daily life and found that I did even more so when writing hypertexts. The plans and methods I used to create my hypertext were done strategically from the beginning of my research to the completion of my pages.

The third quote that I found useful was by Stahl and Stahl, 1991.The connection between information, pages, and thoughts that is required for hypertext requires a bit more logic than standard writing does.

Critical Thinking

The three quotes concerning critical thinking that I believe are relevant to the composition of hypertexts are those of Paul, Binker, Adamson, and Martin, Stahl and Stahl, and the MCC General Education Initiatives.

1. Paul, Binker, Adamson, and Martin: The idea that one can think about thinking seems to be a mind-bending concept that can only lead to a headache. The way that it is presented in this quote though, relates directly to my process of hypertext writing. Hypertext composition requires a large amount of planning (and therefore thinking) about the direction of the hypertext. "...more clear, more accurate, or more defensible" is how the authors describe critical thinking. What struck me about this quote is the third point, "more defensible". I have realized that as I write my hypertext, I continuously look at it from a viewer's point of view, searching for faults or miscommunication. I feel the need to defend my hypertext with solid work and firm information that is rooted in the facts.

2. MCC General Education Initiatives: This definition is basically a comprehensive overview of the entire process of making a hypertext. It depicts opposing forces such as facts and feelings, the objective and the subjective. These differing points of view are some that I definitely encountered in the hypertext process, especially when it came to being factual yet able to relate to. "Suspending beliefs and remaining open to new information" is something that I think is quite necessary for the formation of a hypertext. ON several occasions, I have had to take a step back from what I would personally like to say about the subject, and instead provide an accurate depiction of a view that I would have otherwise passed by. By stepping out of my boundaries of knowledge and being open to other's ideas that might be a little more eccentric or outside the lines, I have learned valuable information about my topics as well as my creative process.

3. Stahl and Stahl: Here, the authors focus on the point of patterns. I think that in hypertext it is extremely important to look for patterns in the work, so that the most accurate and powerful connections can be made. When designing my hypertext, I have found it very helpful to map out the pages and content on a piece of paper, so that I can more readily identify the patterns of my thinking process.

Critical Thinking

Two of the quotes seem most applicable to me. The first, by MCC Education Initiatives, talks about critical thinking as the ability to respond to materials, and understand that response. It refers to asking questions, creating good answers and using the information available to do so. All of this, along with the references to addressing different problems, coming up with interpretations, and remaining open to new information, methods, values, &etc. This, as an explanation of critical thinking in preparation for a hypertext, seems to make sense in that it talks about finding information, thinking about it thoroughly, coming up with a variety of different answers based on varying perspectives, ideas, using the available information. It discusses critical thinking with the aspect of not necessarily coming up with just one answer and one way to get there, but a wide range of possibilities and several ways to get there. It reminds me of the way a website is constructed, with many pages that have connections to different subjects in more detail, along with cross-referencing and links between pages. Trajectories, which seems to be present within this quote on critical thinking, are an important part of websites, and are an important part to critical thinking- considering many possibilities.

The second quote which made a lot of sense to me was from Diane Halpern, which talks about critical thinking as directed thinking. Though critical thinking, especially when creating a hypertext, should include a variety of pages and ideas, directed thinking is important for keeping to the topic and maintaining a sort of focus. She also talks about thinking about critical thinking, to evaluate it. This is important because realizing the methods used to draw a conclusion allows for comparison with other ways of critical thinking, and this ultimately expands one's perspective.

A third useful quote comes from Daniel Kurland. He says that critical thinking includes following evidence where it leads. This is significant in using what is available to draw reasonable conclusions. If one tries to make a statement based upon nothing, how valuable can that critical thinking be? He also mentions being more concerned with finding the truth rather than being right. This is the greater goal of critical thinking; not to prove that your opinion is better or more right, but to find out what is truly right.

All of these quotes have in common the value of critical thinking, and how valuable strong critical thinking is. By being open, looking for the truth and using the resources available to consider many avenues in seeking this truth, one may most effectively and best use critical thinking.

Hypertext 2

The sex trade in international markets has increased exponentially over the last couple of decades. Young girls and sometimes even males are shipped into countries all over Europe and Asia, and are exploited for tourists and locals alike. My website will explore this problem from the view of the people who are being exploited and hopefully through maybe some people who have experienced it firsthand, either through being a sex slave or a witness to what is going on. My review of the research has led me to believe that this is an increasingly growing trend in the United Kingdom, and so I will look to do my most research in that area. Also, the fact that a growing number of young boys are in this trade as well is very interesting to me, as I’m sure that not many people focus on that aspect of this dilemma. My website will have videos from a few sources, but will mainly focus on being pretty somber and hopefully visually enticing. I’m going to try and incorporate a flash template into my website, making it more of a fluid design instead of a static background. I would rather go for a cleaner look, trying to use simplicity to convey my message. I’m going to try and go for more interviews if I can, and also try and get as many facts as possible, especially facts such as the fact that most of the girls trafficked are under 12 years of age and that there are something like 400,000 women every year just from a place such as Ukraine which traffic women into this trade. It is an international black market funding source for some governments, and I am going to do my best to incorporate my views as well as others into this hypertext.

For me, Shipler’s nonfiction novel The Working Poor has best demonstrated the low wage life. His great use of statistics from the Clinton and Bush eras are used well along with quotes from people that are flirting with the poverty line. He also does a great job of simplifying the differences between skilled and non-skilled wages as well as the difficulties of receiving welfare or government financial help. However, one of the examples he used that hit me the most was on page ten when Shipler gave a few quotes from a man named Frank Dickerson. Before he spent three years in prison, Frank was a janitor who supported his family with his janitorial wages and the large amount of money he made selling drugs. Dickerson’s justification was that the janitorial gig was barely livable, and in order to give his wife and kid’s decent clothing, food, and a nice area to live, he had to sell drugs. Dickerson’s called it living ‘comfortably’.
Surprisingly, this little part in Shipler’s introduction really helped me realize the topic for my second hypertext. Previously, I had been wavering on a couple main ideas, but Dickerson’s story brought narrowed it down to one thing: the low wage life of janitors and maintenance workers. For the past couple of years, I’ve really started to notice those people fixing or cleaning up around me wherever I go, and I can never get that feeling of guilt when I’m around them. I look at my nice clothes, my expensive university, and my lackluster way of life, and I feel bad for the workers at schools who work long hours and most of the time never hear a thank you.

Hyper text essay 2

In my second hypertext essay I plan to write about young adults working in retail stores. I plan to show my own personal experiences in the retail business as well as the experiences of others. I want to incorporate the views of both the customers and workers and why the majority of retail workers seem to be made up of young adults. I also want to explore what the benefits and also disadvantages of being a teenager is in the retail business
About two christmas’ ago I had worked at a retail store called TAJ Warehouse. At Taj we would sell clothes mostly for kids. Not only did we sell retail but we also sold arts and craft products such as stamps, stickers, pens, ect. For the most part working at TAJ was bareable only due to the fact that I had good co-workers and my aunties owned the shop. Though even with relation to the owners, after that Christmas I never wanted to work in retail again. Coming into the job I had thought it would be a breeze to sell shirts but little did I know how many odd tasks I would also be sent too do. Working in Retail could also be seen through Nickel and Dimed. The whole third section of selling in Minnesota is on the retail industry. On pages 156-157 you get a good look of how one in retail is suspossed to act and treat customers. If not for co-workers the working environment and also the job criteria does not seem intriguing at all. Though I have yet to do extensive research I am interested in exploring this subject

Hypertext 2: Landscaping

In my second hypertext essay, I am going to write about the low wage life of landscaping workers and also to incorporate why there are more people of one ethnic group that work in landscaping.

I myself have not been employed in the landscaping industry, however, I have had experience with landscaping at my own home and we have recently had our front walk/patio redone through a landscaping company. Throughout the week-long process of construction (although it seemed more like a remodeling), I watched this small landscaping crew take apart my front walkway, dig it out, rip up all the cement, add new materials for the base and to make it level, and to actually place all the stones for the new walkway. When I left for work on Monday morning at 7 in the morning, I saw the landscaping crew drop off one (1) guy to start tearing up the old walkway. When I returned that afternoon at 4, that one guy had completely removed every stone slab, all the cement underneath those stone slabs, and even dug out the wider path for the new walkway without any help from others and without any power tools.

But even more interesting, was that they probably get paid near to nothing, and most likely are paid under the table. The workers themselves spoke very little English, yet they were greatly skilled and knew exactly what needed to be done on the job. Shipler states that “for a paltry wage, albeit on far greater than at home, [immigrants] feed and clothe and comfort the Americans they wish to emulate. So it is in potato fields and sewing lofts, in cleaners and restaurants, and in the manicured gardens of suburban affluence” (77).

Immigrant workers in the landscaping industry seems to be directly related to everyone in the U.S., whether we have hired a landscaping crew or not, you see it everywhere – public gardens, parks, schools and universities, the list goes on. The basic business objective is to obtain equal or higher quality but by paying much less for it. Landscaping companies can offer this to their customers through the use of immigrant workers, and also by paying their employees very low wages.

Hypertext 2: Retail

For my second hypertext essay, I’m going to write about my experience working in the retail industry. I will focus on how retail workers are often overworked and usually underpaid. My personal experience was at Sur la Table, a store that sells high-end kitchen appliances, gadgets and miscellaneous kitchen accessories. I will discuss my time spent working at Sur la Table and how I was coerced into doing far more than I was hired to do. I will talk about my discussions with fellow employees and my relationship with my manager. I will talk about how I was treated by customers working in an upper-class neighborhood (like Los Gatos) and how it may differ from other locations. The people I worked with ranged in age from 18 to 55. One common denominator among most of them, however, was that they were forced to work more than one job. I will discuss the paradox of working at an expensive retail store that grants employee discounts to their workers, yet doesn’t pay enough to allow them to actually buy anything there.
When I was reading Shipler’s, The Working Poor, the vagueness of climbing up the pay ladder made me think about my personal experience.
“Debra had no confidence that she could move up in position and pay. Whenever she asked supervisors about the salary at their level, they’d answer vaguely, ‘It varies.’ She couldn’t get specific figures, so she had no sense of what her goal might be.” (Pg. 49)
One thing I found interesting while working at Sur La Table, is the variation in salary. The job paid per hour, but it was different for everyone that worked there. I got paid $1 more than a girl 2 years younger than me with more experience. Another male co-worker, the same age as me, with the same experience, was paid more.
The style of my hypertext essay will draw from Ehrenreich’s Nickel and Dimed. It will be an autobiographical account of my working experience and my association with my co-workers. I have a lot of friends working in the retail industry that feel they are treated unfairly in some way.

Immigrants in the Hotel Industry

In my first hypertext essay I talked briefly about my own experience in the low wage workforce as well as artists and their low wage struggles. For my second hypertext essay I want to focus on immigrants working in the hotel industry. Having worked as a housekeeper on a guest ranch in Wyoming this past summer, I experienced the full effects what it is like to work long hours for little pay.
Housekeeping is a common employment opportunity many immigrants flock to, sometimes earning as little as $5.25 an hour. As hotels transform to a more luxurious “home away from home,” added amenities only provide maids with more to do in less time. During busy seasons, maids are typically expected to clean a set amount of rooms and are forced to work through breaks and lunch to finish on time. Not only are hotel maids considerably underpaid but they also endure harsh working conditions and treatment. Without a doubt, housekeepers hold one of the most dangerous jobs in a hotel. Hotel maids fall victim to on-the-job injuries as well as verbal, physical, and sexual abuse from managerial staff. Many hotel maids develop medical problems such as carpal tunnel syndrome and serious back injuries from the overly repetitive and meticulous nature of housekeeping. Still, the hotel industry relies heavily on immigrants to keep hotels operating throughout America. Immigrants often flock towards these “unskilled” employment opportunities because many Americans do not want them. Further, discrimination and the lack of understanding of diversity, thwart immigrant success in America. These disadvantages leave many immigrants vulnerable to tainted businesses and corporations that undercut worker rights. Employers rely on immigrant workers because they think they can get away with cheating them of their wages. Like most low wage workers in the US today, these New Immigrants, legal and illegal, find little glamour in their daily work and often struggle to make ends meet.

Hypertext #2 Topic: Low Wage Workers at Wal-Mart

For my second hypertext essay, I have chosen to write about working at Wal-Mart and how disadvantaged their employees are. One of the reasons I chose this topic is that one of my closest friends works at Wal-Mart for very low wages. I started researching a little and found out there have been studies showing that workers at Wal-Mart are prevented from forming unions. This idea came up when Eric Schlossen wrote in 'Fast Food Nation' about how McDonald's workers are also prevented from forming unions (75-78). Speaking of Schlossen, I admire how he wrote his book about the fast food industry from many different perspectives and included a lot of personal stories. I would like to find some great personal stories to include in my second hypertext essay from not only one perspective.
In David K. Shipler's 'The Working Poor,' we get the idea that once you are poor, it can be a never ending cycle. He writes about how people are "stuck at such low wages that their living standards are unchanged." (4) I would like to find out more about how this idea relates to workers at Wal-Mart. Perhaps I can find some great personal stories about Wal-Mart workers being "stuck." In Barbara Ehrenreich's 'Nickel and Dimed' she incorporates the stories of her new co-workers with her narrative about her different low wage jobs. While I enjoyed her narratives and learned a lot from them, I do not have enough time to go make a living off of the low wages from Wal-Mart. I can however take some of the ideas she presents and work them into my essay. I have not yet read her chapter on working at Wal-Mart, but I plan to use that as a starting point for my essay and go from there. If I find my topic to be too broad, I will try to narrow it down a little by looking at the type of articles I can find on the subject.

Child Sweatshop Labor

The topic I am going to write on for hypertext #2 is Child Labor in Sweatshops of Third World Countries. I know that this topic is a very salient issue and I know that it is very widespread and has the potential to be extremely vague. I didn’t want to put my topic in an extremely specific time or place, so I narrowed it down by examining the presence of child labor in third world countries. I want to look particularly in sweatshops. From the books that we have been reading for class by Enhrenreich, Schlossler, and Shipler, I have begun thinking in depth about the different aspects of a low wage life. I think that this topic fits perfectly into what I have learned about the low wage life. Schlossler’s book, “Fast Food Nation” highlights the idea that corporations employ teenagers purposely for many reasons (26). He discusses that these corporations like McDonald’s seek out teenagers for their tendency to obey, and their compliance with the low wage and ridiculous hours that are often in store for fast food workers. This idea translates directly to my topic, it is just an exaggerated version of Schlosser’s hypothesis. The idea that children are submissive and vulnerable, is the reason that they provide them with little or no wages, for ridiculous hours. It is even harder for the child sweatshop labor in third world countries because usually there is no strong, successful government to enforce any child labor laws, or to increase the general standard of living through a strong economy. Reading Shipler’s book, “The Working Poor”, I have begun to understand the vicious cycle that is poverty. As Shipler states, “it is very expensive to be poor”(11). It is even more impossible when you start at this level of poverty as a child, and they wear you out before it is even time to start struggling on your own. Barbara Ehrenreich social experiment that spurned her to write, “Nickel and Dimed”, showed me a lot about how point of view makes such a difference in the attempt to “report on a lived experience”. The way that she brings the character to life through her first person narrative really gave me some perspective on how I want to tell the story of these children.

HT2 proposal

I plan to write about Nike sweatshop workers. I chose Nike because it is the biggest name in athletic apparel, similar to McDonalds being the biggest name in the fast food industry. I also chose Nike because I’ve some things about the workers of sweatshops, so I want to do some research to see what I can find about what goes on. I’m thinking about the sweatshops run in China, but I haven’t done any research yet, so when I do, I’ll probably see where most of their factories are. I read some interesting things about sweatshops in America in The Working Poor. One thing that amazed me was that the workers are paid by the piece, and a very experienced, very skilled worker could make minimum wage if they worked at a feverish pace (78). Another thing was that one of the workers said that it cost $2 to pay the people who make one pair of pants (79). If this is how it is in American sweatshops, how cheap is it in foreign ones? Hopefully I will be able to find out when writing this hypertext essay.

hypertext #2

My hypertext essay #2 is going to be on the retail business, clothing to be exact. Barbara Ehrenreich writes about her experiences in working for a low wage in “Nickel and Domed.” I’m going to do the same in my hypertext. I’m going write my point of view as a worker there, the point of view customers have of the people who work there (I’m going to use the point of view/opinion I used to have of the people who worked at the store). Also, like Ehrenreich and given experiences of people from “Fast Food Nation”, I’m going to talk about the type of people who came into the store and how the workers and I would deal with them; from scary to annoying to not being able to understand what they were saying. In “Fast Food Nation” by Eric Schlosser, I could easily relate to Chapter 3: behind the counter. Working in retail does not require much, if any, skills. The only skills which are needed, and what hiring is based on, are people skills. Page seventy in Schlosser discusses jobs being “de-skilled” and page sixty-eight talks about teenagers being the main work force and relying on part-time. Teenagers and people in their early teens with willingness to work for low wage makes it less expensive to hire them, and the job being in retail does not require much experience makes it easy for those businesses to justify the “low-wage.” I’m going to talk about what the customer do see and what they don’t see. For example, do they know the people in the back have special boards to fold the shirts uniformly in size? That every hour a list of what has been sold in the previous hour is printed out and that we have people to look for those things in the back and bring it on the floor, and that perhaps there is an hierarchy in the store? Page eighty-four in “Fast Food Nation” talks about closing and robbery. I think I am also going to mention these topics in my hypertext. I couldn’t really relate to the meat-packing chapter besides “The Worst” section (pg. 176-178). It talks about all the bad things the cleaners have to go through at night. Retail is not that bad by far, but I’m considering mentioning what the least favorite parts of working at the store were.

ESSAY 2

The topic I will probably write about for my hypertext essay #2 is working at the movie theaters. I have never worked at the movie theaters but I do know some people who have worked there so I could set up an interview with them to get a better feeling of what it's like to work there. I really wished I could have picked a topic that relates to me directly, but the only low wage job I’ve work at is at my aunt's work place as a student worker. I found that that topic is a little too hard to research and develop. Through my own observations, I have noticed that teens practically run, own and operate movie theaters. I found this similar to how teens run and operate fast food restaurants (schlosser, 67-68).
I have also noticed that many of these laborers are unskilled and perhaps uneducated. I could talk about one scenario in my hometown where a girl with Down syndrome works. She’s been there for a long time now. This could be seen as a positive for the movie theater reputation because they are providing handicapped people some means of work. This is another topic "fast food nation" talks about (schlosser, 68, 70-71).
I am also going to talk about the benefits one gets for working at the movie theaters and if it’s worth it or not. This topic will eventually lead to wage and the question, where does all the movie theater money go? In “Nickel and Dimed” Ehrenreich says that the maid company gets $25 per person-hour while the workers only get $6.65 (72). This is similar to the movie theater scenario, because the movie theater charges almost $10 for tickets and a lot of money for food, but only pay there workers a small amount of that. I’m going to research statistics such as percent of teens working at movie theaters versus adults, I’m going to look up the different positions and the pay they earn and I’m going to try to get other’s experience on the matter. I know that the wage these workers earn are definitely not fair considering the amount of work they have to do, cleaning the theaters after each showing, and serving costumers, which can get very hectic. Another idea that is in “fast food nation” is that workers are sent home when the work flow is low to keep from paying workers more than they need (74). This is the same for movie theater workers. Hopefully I can get enough information to make a good hypertext essay.

The child labor force in the garment industry of Los Angeles

The second hypertext essay will provide me the opportunity to focus on an aspect of low wage labor that has greatly impacted me as well as all Americans that rely on manufactured products. The low wage labor force is a prominent part of the U.S. economy. They do the jobs that keep our country running. More specifically, the apparel industry is quite important to the American consumer. This industry is sustained by garment workers, often newly arrived from torn countries in hopes of making a better life in the states. Much like George (pg. 37) in Erhrenreich’s “Nickel and Dimed,” where the Czech dishwasher was taken advantage of and eventually fired because he was new to the country and did not understand how to fend for himself, many garment workers experience the injustices that come forth when their lack of experience in the country is exploited. This is horrible enough, yet the severity of the low wage labor problem in the garment industry is further exacerbated when children are introduced to the working environment. Often working to support their families, children endure deplorable conditions when they should be earning an education by attending school. This is a problem occurring all over the world yet it surprises me that it occurs so frequently in the United States! I would like to focus my project by examining the child labor force in the garment industry of Los Angeles. By narrowing my topic to this defined focus of child labor in Los Angeles sweatshops, I hope to bring forth new insights on this widespread issue.

The three books present different ways with which to illustrate the experiences of low wage workers. Schlosser relies mostly upon research to represent their experiences while Barbara Ehrenreich puts herself in low wage situations to fully experience and understand what low wage laborers are going through. Yet another means to gain experiential insight is through interviews, which Shipler uses quite effectively. I find that all are beneficial to an effective hypertext essay. Although the books do not give insight into my specific topic, I feel that the way in which they revealed experience is important to take into account.

hypertext #2

My second hypertext essay is going to be a report of the lives which are lead by the immigrant farm workers here in the United States. Whether they are legal citizens or not, they are all living a very low wage life, and are probably working harder than almost anyone in the country, but getting paid the least for it. Now, people can argue that they deserve to be paid the least for multiple reasons. However, it doesn’t change the fact that they go through serious hardships everyday. What would you think if somebody told you that you had to go out and pick weeds everyday for the next fifty years of your life? Not only that, but you were going to be paid either minimum or under minimum wage for this work. No United States citizen would accept this, but yet they still scoff at the immigrant worker in the fields. They laugh, but in the back of their minds, they know that they could never do what they are witnessing out in the fields. Most of the field workers we see in California are illegal immigrants. A report from the LA Times states, “More than 70% of U.S. farmworkers are estimated to be illegal immigrants.”

Eric Schlosser makes the claim on p. 176 that the worst and most dangerous jobs in the meatpacking industry are usually done by illegal immigrants. Well, this is also true for field workers. The work they do is sure to injure the workers, and simply put, they have the worst jobs in the country. Nobody, and I mean nobody, would look forward to a day working in the fields for almost no money. Since hardly any American citizens are willing to do these jobs, and the jobs must get done, employers turn to immigrants to do the work. They then take advantage of these employees by firing them without some of their wages or give them less than they are legally entitled.

I think this is a huge topic to discuss, and I plan on limiting it down a bit. I also feel like it is a good topic because it has a lot of relevance to the issues going on right now, but it has also been a problem for the last century and a half here in the United States.

hypertext 2

I had two topics in mind for the second hypertext essay. The first would be about immigrant farm workers in the United States. I am interested not only in their working conditions, but also in the way they are treated socially. I am interested in how they are affecting the U.S. communities socially, economically, and politically. This is very interesting to me, because of the different opinions people have on this subject. I know that some economists believe that immigration helps the economy more than it hurts it, and that the immigrants need to get paid more money. I want to research all aspects of this subject. In addition, I know that due to a lot of the fires in southern California, many workers are left homeless and jobless. I want to research how easy/hard it is for them to get jobs. I work with kids whose parents are immigrant workers in my arupe placement and that is another reason why this is an interesting topic to me.

My second topic is foster parenting as a source of low wage income. I am interested to learn how much money they make, why parents do it, and so on. I want to learn if parents take on foster children simply so they can make money, and if the money they make is enough to support the kids they take in. Are the parents and kids offered benefits like health and dental insurance? I am also interested in learning how the kids are affected by living in foster homes and the socioeconomic status of the families they move in with. This also got me interested in looking at social workers as having low wage jobs. I am passionate about both subjects, so I’m not sure which topic I want to use yet.

Hypertext 2

I intend on writing about low wage workers within the restaurant setting. Drawing from my experience working in a coffee shop, I want to look at the issue as objectively as I can, studying the situations that workers are often in when they have to live on a minimum wage budget. Also, I want to look at how, perhaps mathematically like Shipler does on page 36 at how budgeting happens in contrast to how it theoretically works. More importantly, I want to look at ways that people try to and do get out of low wage situations, and what people have tried and things that haven’t worked.

It seems that the real gap in this area has to do with ways out. Ehrenreich is not actually poor; she can afford to take care of emergency medical situations, can go home when it suits her. Comparatively, Shipler points out the people who have to move from home to home, apartment to homeless, just to try to get government aid (p. 60). He also points out the cycles that people are forced into when living in poverty, where poverty keeps them from going anywhere, and anywhere they go they still suffer from the effects of poverty (p. 26, 27, 53, for examples). I will try to focus on opportunities to escape poverty, created by individuals, by organizations and by the government. I also want to see how effective each different method/genre of methods has been, whether it works, doesn’t work, temporarily works. Shipler has a few examples of people, who through being careful or through luck get out of their tough situations (p. 21, 23, 29-30, 31 for examples).

Another place to add some information and research would be examples similar to Shipler’s on H&R Block, and how the poor get “screwed” out of their money, and other companies that find ways to extort them (p. 16-19 for examples).

Hypertext #2

I have two different ideas for my second hypertext essay which I have had personal experience with both. My first topic I was going to consider was nannying as a low wage job. Most people consider nannying to be a women’s job. Rooted in the stereotype that that women are first and foremost mothers or the primary caretakers, nannying has attracted majority of women to the job. I recently have started working as a nanny for two separate families that live in fairly wealthy areas. The parents of both the families work all day. I pick the children up from school, make them a snack or meal depending on the time of day, help them do their homework, and help clean around the house if I have time. I get paid a little amount of money, but as a college student, I will take what I can get. In between being a full time student with hard classes and homework, it is hard to find a well-paying job for the minimum amount of hours I can work. For my other topic, I was considering talking about non-profit organization work as a low-wage job. I have worked for quite a few of these organizations. I have worked for Big Brothers and Big Sisters of Santa Clara County by doing both office work and being a mentor for a young child needed a role model. I also have worked for the Canary Foundation which is an organization researching ways to detect cancer early. The people who work for these organizations do not get paid or are paid a small amount of money to raise awareness for particularly important aspects of society. For my first hypertext essay, I had written on the awareness of issues that concern saving our oceans. I included in my essay the organizations that have raised the level of awareness on this topic and pushing it to the forefront of concern both nationally and globally. I want to research on how these non-profit organization/activist groups are funded in their low-wage job. In writing my essay, I liked the shock factor related to Schlosser’s writing in Fast Food Nation. When I read the two different topics of working in fast food chains and slaughterhouses, I had such a build up of emotion ranging from intrigue to disgust. I hope to invoke that same shock factor into my writing.

Maids as Low Wage Workers

The summer after I turned eighteen I worked at my grandfather’s hotel as a desk clerk and we had to have a lot of interaction with the maids. We were in constant contact with them in order to determine whether the rooms were clean so that we could check people into them. Everyday, the head of the maid staff would force feed me a large variety of Mexican food. The break room was a place where race didn’t matter and people of all classes and positions in the hotel business. The hierarchy of the hotel is one that depends on each other for the business to thrive.

The owners: The specific hotel that I worked at was built by my uncles, owned by my grandfather and managed by my dad. It is very strange to see your family members in different situations than what you usually experience with them. As soon as my grandfather or father would walk in, the hotel would become the perfect environment with the manager rushing up to them and shaking their hands and saying “Hello, Mr. Barrack.” I was even more shocked when Stephanie, a girl that I worked with at the desk told me, “Your dad is scary.” This experience caused me to see these men that played with me when I was little and cared for me in a completely different way.

The maids at the hotel that I worked at were in a different situation from the ones in big hotel chains because it was not a unionized hotel. It was a small, privately owned hotel. Celina was the head of the maid staff. She started working for my grandfather at one of the older hotels and when the newer one was opened he offered her the job. Her daughter was Stephanie who worked at the front desk with me. The maids worked from 6:30 to 3:00 when all of the rooms needed to be clean for check-in. The hotel was relatively small so a pair of maids would cover a hallway.

I would like to use the methods that Ehrenreich used in her book “Nickel and Dimed” by telling my hypertext like a story instead of a list of facts and analyses. I plan to tell the individual stories of some of the people who I worked with and describe the interactions between the different hierarchies of the hotel business.

Topic: Legal Mexican Immigrant Farm Labor in Southern California

For my second hypertext essay, I would like to focus on the labor of legal Mexican immigrants on farms in the United States, specifically Southern California. My plans changed from child labor after I went on a trip to Santa Barbara last weekend. There was a constant amount of farmland beyond what I had imagined (for whatever reason) the entire way. Every so often there was a bus parked towing a trailer with 3 port-a-potties that I inferred to be the practical transportation system of day labor in the modern farming industry. We also took a random exit for gas that took us quite a distance off the freeway, where I we ran into a small residential area, maybe 50 yards by 50 yards, consisting of small concrete shelters in which I imagined the people that work out of the buses sleep at night. The sight was exactly as I remembered the small communities in Africa when on a family vacation, except I was in America.

This sight alone really got me thinking about the true low wage life of immigrant workers in Southern California. My father brushed it off as necessary temporary living but I find that to believe. As Ehrenriech pointed out, such low wages cannot support health needs that every human being encounters, not to mention barely providing for daily essentials. I want to focus on legal immigrants working in these conditions because these people are coming to our country in a respectable fashion, seeking prosperity through their own tenacity, and having it all shoved back in their faces in the form of horrible working conditions. It is interesting how effectively this phenomenon is described as the result of the white exodus in Fast Food Nation. A once republican economic utopia has transformed into a liberal economic hell for those at the bottom of the barrel, who actually constitute a majority of the population but are simply crushed by legal but unethical strategies for labor.

If in researching this topic, I find that legal Mexican immigrants are actually a very small minority of this workforce which may be mostly illegal immigrants, I will change it to illegal immigrants seeing as the focus is their low wage life, not the ridiculous but legal conditions in which they came to it.

hypertext essay 2

After reading Eric Schlosser’s Fast Food Nation I was very disturbed, yet, very awakened to the dangerous lives that many employees of the meat packing industry live. I could not believe some of the personal accounts, or mere statics that Schlosser encountered. People suffer severe injuries or even die in doing some of the jobs that the industry requires. People die without much recognition, and even though laws have become sterner, accidents still occur often. Limbs are lost, chemicals are inhaled, skin is damaged, health diminishes, and yet these workers continue to put their time and efforts in this industry, that they themselves, believe acknowledges and respects their employers. However in reality, their employers often falsify records and data so they do not have to report missed workdays. Even the work, the wages, the benefits are pathetic. But these low-waged workers, (which about 150,000 have been injured), are forced to accept the risks because many of these employees are uneducated, immigrant, unskilled, people just looking for a job.
As I did a quick research on the meat packing industry, not only did I see tons of pictures depicting the work environment, but I also saw the life-long injuries that will forever remain on that person’s body and the grotesque body’s of dead animals crudely hanging from hooks. Not only can people argue that this job is very dangerous for the employees themselves, but they can hit another angle of the spectrum by realizing that the killing of animals in the slaughterhouses is very cruel and disgusting. The top 4 companies that control 85% of the meat packing market in America, slaughter about 400 cattle an hour mainly because of the invention of machines to make everything run faster, (even worse for the workers because they try to keep up with the machines and are more susceptible to injuries in this way).
But still people demand meat, and it somehow must be produced, even if it costs someone’s arm and a leg. I do eat meat myself, but I think that a movement is needed to be able to better the benefits, or the work environment, of these workers, to make it a safer and healthier place. And although people have become vegetarians to protect animals, the desire for meat will always survive. I suggest that we fight for the rights of these meatpackers and we try to reduce the number of animal’s slaughter. I don’t think we should try to shutdown meatpackers because of the millions of jobs that people would lose, (even cattle raisers), but I definitely think there is something that needs to be done to help employees voice their opinions and fight for better life.

I have decided to write about slaughterhouse workers for my hypertext essay #2. Schlosser’s chapter, “The Most Dangerous Job,” offers plenty of factual information, including court cases, demography, and personal accounts. Schlosser has also witnessed a slaughterhouse first hand, making a valid and very valuable source. I want to focus mostly on people’s stories, both good and bad, to allow the reader, as well as myself, to have an opinion. At the same time, I want to be able to incorporate certain historical events (even though they may be minor) into the hypertext, much like Schlosser. There is much to be said about slaughterhouse workers and slaughtered animals alike, being treating inhumanely. I’d like to get both sides, from the workers and supervisors, but it should focus on workers, since they are subject to the low-wage life. This can be approached from a scientific point of view, as there are many injuries and diseases that occur. It can also be approached from a sociological and anthropological point view, relating to real life experiences. A business perspective may add to the big picture as well as some of the processes that go on. It’s obvious from Schlosser’s information slaughterhouse workers do dirty and dangerous work, with little compensation. With only making about a two cent profit off each pound of meat, the meatpacking industry is looking for more ways to cut cost, such as denying medical compensation, reducing fines from OSHA by not logging injuries, and hiring illegal immigrants, who can’t do much about their pay or medical coverage. From the worker’s perspective, the Industry sacrifices the well being of their workers for profit, which is understandable if you’re trying to make money, but putting human lives is not a fair trade.

Hypertext essay #2

In The Working Poor Shipler discusses Koreans who immigrate to the US and become janitorial contractors (pg.20). The reason that they are drawn so easily into this is that most Koreans come over with a strong family base in which they can borrow money from. I would like to address this branch of low-wage work in my next hyper-text essay. The main focus would be on how this type of work is set up to draw certain kinds of people in and how they are then forced into the work cycle. I would especially like to focus on those who do janitorial services for large corporate businesses, mainly immigrants. I have decided on this topic for two main reasons. The first is that I always feel bad when I see janitors, mainly in school, cleaning up messes that should not have been made in the first place and probably could have been cleaned up within five minutes by the mess-maker themselves. Instead, we leave the mess behind, knowing that it will be gone by the next day, not really caring how it happens or who has to do it. The second reason is that in my own jobs I have worked in smaller businesses where you have to clean up after yourself and just tend to do it. I have also seen how easy it is to get in the habit of not doing this simple thing, especially when every one else around you leaves their messes behind. I think it would be interesting to look at not only the affect that this service has on those that perform it, but also on those who take it for granted.

Hypertext #2

For my second hypertext essay, I will focus on the small-town commercial fishing industry. Coming from a small fishing port, I have seen my entire life the struggles and dangers that fishermen face on a daily basis. They work in awful conditions, often out on boats for weeks or months at a time, and are never guaranteed that they will even get paid. Except for the elite few captains who control the industry and do extremely well, fishing is a consuming and often fruitless occupation. Fishermen (and women) leave their families constantly, traveling out into stormy waters to face bone chilling temperatures on unreliable boats, never positive that they will make it back to shore safely. From unsafe hooks and nets that can easily tangle a person and throw them to sea, the idea of sinking to the bottom of the ocean is never free from a fisherman’s mind. In the past ten years or so the industry has taken a severe hit, especially in my own town. Independent fishermen struggle to compete with huge corporations as well as the many regulations and taxes being placed on the industry. To explore this topic, I hope to employ the research quality of Schlosser and the personal connections of Ehrenreich’s work, and to help the reader to become more aware of the faults in America’s views of low-wage workers, as Shipler does.
My hypertext essay will show the fishing industry’s low-wage majority, as well as the few who are able to do well. I will explore the conditions of working on the boats, the actual income of an average independent commercial fisherman, and the group of men and women who have had to find other low-wage jobs because of the fishing industry’s degeneration. For many in the industry, fishing is all they know how to do. Most smaller fishing ports do not have another main source of income or industry, forcing those who cannot make it at sea to simply move to land’s low-wage work. In some ways, fishing is much like gambling. These men and women put their lives as well as their finances on each journey out of the harbor, and they rarely can beat the odds.

Proposal for Hypertext #2

Through reading these books, my eyes have been really opened to how destitute and poor some people really are. I was really moved by the story of Sarah and Willie (pages 36-37) about how they seem like a family who is succeeding, but has nothing saved in the bank, that they're just scraping by. I've begun to want to shape my essay around why people struggle the way they do; in the case of Sarah and Willie in particular, they made a point about how he "could" be living better if he saved his money, but that the both of them never really do. The comment he makes on pg 37 about $10 in his pocket and ice cream is very explanatory of the issue i really want to investigate and learn more about. I'm not too sure as to how i want to approach this issue, but i want to learn about the level of living that i've never experienced. I'm going to incorporate interviews with people living in san jose, and i also want to talk to people about how they got out of poverty, like my father and others have. I plan on using Ehrenreich's writing and her experience as a transition for my paper as a person who has lived the high life without any knowledge of the lower economic spectrum as well. I have some personal experience with low wage working, but in terms of low wage living i don't. I want to use my experience of working for a low wage to give my opinion on a low-wage life as well.

Healthcare Probems In America

I like the use of navigation links at the top of the page, it makes it clear and easy to navigate through the site. I like how the color scheme and layout of the pages are uniform, it makes the site very clear. However, I think a different choice of colors could make the site look a bit more professional. Overall it looks good tho and you're doing a great job

The Criminal Life

I really like the pictures and the color scheme. Each page is designed well and I like the use and placement of the pictures. Links could be added from one page to the next to make the site a little easier to navigate. Overall, the design is appealing and looks good, good job!

The Value Of SCU

I like the use of the pictures and the exclamation "look at the school who wouldn't want to go here!" This comment effectively introduces the reader to the topic of the piece. The pictures on the page could be centered or organized a bit more interestingly. The author could include internal links within the pages, in the writing, to make the page look a bit more advanced. I like the use of the different voices, students and parents, used to make the author's point. good job!

Volunteering

I love the energy of your site. It is really easy to navigate and the text isn't just paragraphs pasted into the site. My favorite page is the one with all of your experience and the pictures. I wish you luck with the printable version. I think working on that amount of text will develop your page even more. Though it might take some more research. Good luck, your site is successful.

concept of success

i like the colors and the buttons on the top or the page. the website is very simple and easy to navigate. although these colors are a little dark, it's still readable and is easy on the eyes, it's good after looking at other website with white backgrounds (it makes me want to stay at this website longer). the only things that i would say needs work on is adding more pictures and making it easier to navigate to your other pages like your course work page and splash page.
i think that your essay is good, and i agree with you when you say that the concept of success has changed! other than that good job!

The Value of SCU

Your first page is clear- the reader knows exactly what you are going to be talking about. then when we start going through the pages we go along with you and what you think about the value of scu. I like how you include a parents point of view but i encourage you to invesitgate more, see if you can actually publish the interview in Q-A format. I like how you give us your point of view, then the schools, and then the parents. you cover all the bases. but maybe see if you can interview a company that tends to hire scu students upon graduation- ask them what is it about santa clara students that make them so successful. i think your site is off to a great start- you have a good mix of text, video and pictures. but i encourage you to continue adding text along the way. good luck

THE DEBILITATING STIGMA OF MENTAL ILLNESS

The opening page of your hypertext essay is really great! I liked your color scheme, the placement of your navigation bars, and it is really well organized. Also, you have a lot of great images, but they are not overpowering or distracting. I like the way that you separated text throughout your hypertext by using tables and columns--this allows the reader to have more control over what he or she decides to read which goes a long with the whole non-linear layout of a good hypertext. Everything looks and sounds really great, however, the "Statistics" page might benefit from having an image or two. Overall, this looks really good!

THE CRIMINAL LIFE

I think that you have done a very good job on your site. The topic is interesting and your splash page really grabs the readers attention. There is alot going on but at the same time it doesn't seem clustured or crowded. As for the content I think that you have a lot of useful and interesting info. Overall I think you have a very interesting topic and a great webdesign

Religion vs. Mythology

You did a great job with the navigation and organization of your site. You included links within the text, but no so many that it became distracting. You did a nice job of separating your text strategically to convey your point, and the pictures make your site interesting. The only thing I would suggest to you is that you make the table on each page a certain percent of screen, because I found that I had to scroll left and right to see everything on the page. That's really minor in comparison to your whole site. Good job.

santa clara university and the environment

your main point is clear cut and your site is well organized. there's consistency throughout the pages and i like how you mention a club available to join on campus. it's a very clean and simple web design, which i like because there isn't any clutter at all. your writing on the pages aren't intimidating and makes me want to read all of it and not go skimming through. i liked your joining links a lot because i actually wanted to click on them, like the "solution" one in "Students and recycling." i like and i dont like how i have to click home each time to get to the main menu, i dont really have a solution to that one, but overall i think it is a good start.

Working Mothers

First off let me say that i think this is a really good topic to explore. it is a topic that gets harder and harder to deal with, with each new generation of working moms.
Anyways, few notes:
- i encourage you to experiment more with the format of your hypertext, the same form has consistency but can loose the readers interest
-use more pictures. do not underestimate the power of pictures to illustrate your points
- vary the layout of your pages- be creative, let your pages express yourself as an author
-i think the interviews hold a lot of potential- good luck with those
-i like the support page
-good luck...this site has a lot of potential. have fun with it

Student Athletes Work Ethic

Your page is sleek and clean cut. Though each of the sections text looks like cut and paste paragraphs from your essay. When I was reading your pages I was curious on what your definition of work ethic was. I feel like school work should come before the sport, yet the page seemed to suggest that athletes were just getting lazy with their own sports. Pictures, I love them, but I didn't see any. I bet you could get some good ones. Maybe an interview would make me more sympathetic. Though it was very easy to navigate and the color scheme worked. It bet it will turn out great in the end.

Localism in Paradise

It seems as though the main point you are making is that Localism on the beaches of Hawaii is dangerous, but necessary. You later give information about proper surf etiquette and even provide a link to specifics (but there is no link available to click on). Continuing through the hypertext, the issue about localism becomes more of an issue about respect - both for the locals, as well as the land and water. Your ideas are strongly linked to one another, which makes for a strong central argument. You also seem to use slang throughout the hypertext, giving it a personal feel, but for someone who has never heard of the slang then maybe you can offer definitions - or a link to a page within your hypertext that gives definitions to the slang that is commonly used both at the beaches and in your hypertext as well. The navigation at the bottom of the pages seems as though it is all one link, until you click each link. Maybe you could space the links out at the bottom of the pages, it's just a suggestion, as I thought it was one link until i started to going through the hypertext.

only children

first off i really like the myths page, although there is a lot of writing, i'm not intimidated by it at all. i like how each myth's title is bigger than the answer because it makes it easier to read; if the reader wants to read it, he/she can but if he/she doesn't find it interesting to them they can easily skip to the next myth heading. i also like the fast facts on the first page because i like to read facts.

the website is very organized and the page layouts are similar which makes the website look more professional. the only thing i didn't really understand was the splash page and topic of choice. on the splash page it says "are only children at a disadvantage" when i read that i thought you were going to talk about some kind of disadvantage for children compared to adults. maybe try "are there disadvantages of being an only child?" but then again, it's a little wordy, so i'm clueless as to what to tell you. sorry =(

i really like the pictures, but on some pages, the text is still a little overwhelming. the "common ways of parenting" page has a lot of words, but there is also a lot of room to space it out so it doesn't look so overwhelming.

i really like the splash page and how it matches the picture, it's also very simple and easy to navigate.

Poor Work Ethic in Student Athletes

I like your site, yet I there are just a couple of issues that would maybe be a ltitle better. Your site has a lot of good information, and is actually related to the site that I am doing. Also, the organization is very good as well, except that for the buttons on your navigation, it takes a double click in order to get to the page that I am trying to get to. Also, your site would really benefit from some sort of attention grabbing intro page, something that locked the reader on to what you were trying to say. I'm probably just going to put some sort of animation or video file in mine, and I think it would work really well on yours. Also, the lack of pictures on your site kind of makes it dark to look at. The addition of pictures would be really beneficial in helping the reader to visualize with their imagination, and maybe even take them back to their own experience. Links to outside pages would also be good as well, but I know that there are very few sites that are related to the topics that are being discussed in your site. I like your site a lot, just make sure to make it a bit more visually interesting and organized maybe in a little bit better way.

Only Children

Great hypertext essay with a very nice design! There are only a couple things to work on. For starters, you need to read through what you have written because I found a few typos that are easily fixable. Also, you need to fix the links that go nowhere because this becomes confusing for the reader trying to navigate your essay. Next, it would be great if you could un-stretch some of your pictures so that they fit inside the table they are in. As far as the writing goes, you include great quotes, in depth information, and outside viewpoints. So basically, great job! If you fix those minor website details, I think your hypertext essay will be complete!

Religion Vs. Mythology

My first thought when glancing over your first page was, "how professional." It looks great! I especially like the way you used the 2 colums to seperate Religion and Mythology. I also like the way you put images and links together--it really helped grab my attention. Your use of tables to seperate text was really great as it goes along with the non-linear layout of a hypertext. However, there was a lot of text. All of it was really valuable, but maybe try to limit it a little bit. Overall, this looks really good!

Cosmetic Industry Commentary

I really like the consistency of your pages. Each page, while the text is different, has the standard pictuers and navigation bar at the bottom, which is good. Your content is very well organized as well, and i really like the link on the last page that is a help page for people to get out of the cosmetic "claw". I also really like the title usage for your links, instead of titleing them something boring, you went for a grab, something like "Price of Perfection", which i thought was very well done.

The only thing i have a little bit against is the size consistency of the font; but really, that's not too big of a deal, and it's a very little thing that can be fixed easily. Other than that, your color scheme is great and is easy to read, and your information is presented very well. My only other comment is that maybe you should have a consistent navigation bar with every site on it, including the one you're currently on. Other than that, great job.

"Skanks"..."Sluts"..."Hoes"

I really like the colors of your page. they are girly and go with the overall theme of your webpage. Your main page is organized neatly where you show all the pages but its kind of boring. I would add maybe a few pictures and like your main overall "question". I like how on all the following pages you lead the viewer through the site by having the NEXT and BACK buttons. this gives the viewer an idea of whats coming up next. One thing i would suggest is to add more personality to the site. you have the same design throughout the entire site- mix it up a bit with pictures, maybe a movie?? something to give the viewer a break from just reading text.
but otherwise your site is off to a great start!

Euthanasia

Pros:
Your site is very interestingly laid out. It is exciting to look at because of your use of color, pictures, placement of text. You have effectively defined the topic and presented issues regarding Euthanasia. You have done some research that contributes to the substance of your site as well.

Improvements:
It would be interesting if you had links to outside sources on the topic. Maybe an interview from someone effected by euthanasia. Also, im sure there are many articles about this topic and many debates have occurred. Maybe you should include political issues regarding this topic. Also, it would be effective to include ways to act on your topic. Maybe a link to a club or organization?

Hope that helps!
Good luck!

Nike Outsourcing

I'm really glad that I got to review your site, because I plan on writing about Nike, or one of those companies for my second hypertext essay. I think you did a really good job, and you have a lot of information on the topic. I also think you have some really interesting pictures. For example, the sla(swoosh)ery picture, and the swoosh piercing a body. I think you should highlight these somehow, because they can be powerful images, but when they are used alongside regular images of Nike, the attention of the viewer is not focused on the image.

Felons re-integrating into society

Very professional, very well done. However the text was very small and very hard to read. Try to fix that. The colors worked well together and I like the common design theme throughout. I dont like the method of making a new design for each page, then it seems like a whole new site. I liked the design and the ease of navigation, just try working on readability

What causes a poor work ethic among student-athletes?

I really like your topic, I think it is one that is very salient in our lives as college students and can develop into a really good project. I think you have a lot of work to do, there is a lot of blank space, but you have a good foundation. I really like your navigation that you emulated after the Apple Homepage. The black on white is very simple, which makes it easy to read and clear. There are a lot of outside links in some of your hypertext paragraphs, but none in the others. I think it is distracting to have too many links to other pages on one webpage. I really like how you titled the navigation, straight and to the point. Each page is consistent with the overall theme, which is very important, so I think you have a great basis. Some more images, perhaps some audio and video components would be helpful in really grabbing the audience's attention.

What are the social consequences of internet communication?

The strongest part about your web-page is the consistency of navigation. No matter which page a person views, the navigation tool-bar remains stationary. I think your strong points are good amounts of information and your own personalized opinion.

I liked your hypertext homepage because it really grabs the attention of the reader. That effectiveness is kind of lost, though, when the reader is forced to scroll down to get to the different pages on your website. Consistency of navigation on all the other pages makes me think that the same format would work on the homepage.

Your essay suffers from a lack of pictures. You have a lot of black, empty space that's punctuated only by bright pink writing. I feel that your site would appear less empty and more calm with the addition of a few pictures. I realize pictures about internet communication are few and far between, but maybe you could find logos of major internet-communication providers. Just a thought.

Good luck!

Healthcare Problems in America

Very good site. Very easy to navigate with loads of information which is very visible and not hard to read or understand. It is presented in a very good way, and the site has enough color and pictures to constantly be keeping the reader's attention. As well as appearing to be a finished site, the content is also very good and the author's point is made to the reader.

Euthanasia

I really liked your web page lay out and design. You have a great color pallet that compliments each together and you have great text boxes that clearly outline what you want to say. The boxes being in different colors are great because they pop out and encourage the reader to read them. I also really like your picture outlines and the ones you chose. I would suggest maybe making your website flow together a little bit more. It seems like your whole page floats and doesn't really have a layout. That could be your personal design preference. I love the way you have your links clearly marked in the center and i like they way you have all your pictures labeled. Great work!!

Society's desensitization to the demeaning titles frequently used to describe women

I think you have a good topic that a lot of women would be interested in. Your design choices are very nice for a topic about women. Your title is very gripping and will get a lot of people to glance at and then read your website. Your writing is very interesting and I am sure will be turned into a great linear essay, however I feel like a few things could make it a more effective hypertext. You could have links to all the pages avalible to the readers at all times. Some of your pages just have essentially a "next link" which makes the reader forced to go through page by page. With some tweeking of that and some more links within the text I think your website can be fun, informative, and easy to navigate. Good Job!

Convicted Felons Re-integration

Your website is very powerful. the colors and the set-up convey a very serious tone, one that presents the information in a way that is both relevant to you as a person as well as society as a whole. The quotes before each passage also go a long way in making an interesting read. I really was looking forward to reading your uncle's story, but unfortunately the picture link did not work. Also, the basic needs part of the website is very informative, and opened my eyes in a new way, yet I think you might be able to organize the information in a certain way that would be more catching rather than a list view. Maybe a type of table or maybe even an animation that catches the eye would be really good at this point of your site. The links page of your site is alright, yet the links do not work in going to those places actual homepages. Also, are there any websites that are actually linked to helping out prisoners who have recently been released? That would help make your site functional towards people who want to help. All in all, I really like you site, and I think it gives a very strong viewpoint in a clear tone that I enjoyed reading.

Working Mothers in America

One of the pages had nothing on it, i assume that you're working on that. Seems very bland, no pictures, no different coloring, nothing new all the way through it. Seems like you just copy and pasted individual paragraphs from a linear essay. Try linking, getting images, or doing something with the design other than a paragraph simply floating in space

Convicted Felons in Society

Your site was very orderly and very easy to navigate. Though within the specific pages I lost track of where I was once. Maybe there can be a label within each specific section. The clean cut way of your site made it a little bland to look at. Though I really did enjoy what I read when it came down to it. I think the best point of yours was on the social needs of convicts. The overall affect is calm, yet I've never though of convicts in society as a clam topic.

Santa Clara Environment Commentary

I really liked the color scheme of your site. It's very simple, and it gives the site a very informative aura about it. In addition, i also actually learned some new things about what Santa Clara does here for recylcing; things like the recycle trivia raffle among others. I also really like your solution for Santa Clara to give students money for thier recycling; I actually did alot of research, and i proposed a solution/company that would handle this for my Business 72 class last fall quarter. Your site is also very easy to read and to follow, and you really don't feel like you're being overwhelmed at all on any of the pages.

You do have two navigation bars, which is kinda interesting i think... you have two Home links, one at the top and one at the bottom, you might wanna fix that, not too sure though. Other than that, your site is pretty good... very informative and very simple, which i really like.

Social Consequences of Internet Communication

I think your subject is very interesting and relevant to our internet-obsessed world. I agree with many of the points you made about how this internet culture is affecting us. You also have great vantage points besides your own. There are a few things to improve on however. Your hypertext essay feels more like a linear essay, but split up into sections. You need to add more incoming links inside your text and perhaps split up the text more so that your paragraphs are not so huge. For example, on your "Outside Perspectives" page, you have 2 large paragraphs, no pictures, and one link to the "Who's Affected" page that you already linked to in the previous page. It would be great if you also included different types of media, such as the actual interviews with the two subjects, or maybe just direct quotes from them. Overall, great job though!

American Dream Hypertext

Pros:
- Intro page is very minimalistic which is good.
-The home page has a good synopsis of the rest of your ideas and pages.
-The design and usage of flash buttons is very effective.

Improvements:
The design of your page is very effective. yet, it would be helpful if you revised some of your content to explain HOW our concept of success has changed with reference to the American Dream. You have set up many definitions and explanations that are important to your point but you have yet to have an actual stance on your topic. I understand that you are not completely finished but I wanted to point this out anyway. it seems that you have spread a lot of text over many different pages. Be thinking of ways to make your text more interactive. Also, be thinking of way for for your readers to get involved in your topic.

Good job!

Mental illness

Quick notes:
-the coloring of the text is sometimes hard to read bc it is too close to the background color
-good use of pictures. they are powerful and illustrate your points
-your navigation bar moves around which can be confusing...especially when it is at the way bottom of the page
-unfinished pages
-good how can you help page...way to motivate the reader
-i like your media page- good point to make- interesting story
-nice connection to personal experience
-better organization of text- split it up so its easier to read..the information is good!
in all, great job, good idea. i think this is an issue that is taboo in our society that needs to be brought to light..well done!!

Felons reintegrating into society

Your navigation and color scheme is great, I really like how the background color of the links change when you scan over them. It does seem like there is a lot of empty space near the right bottom of the splash page, that could maybe make use of an image or quote or something. I do like how you pose the question initally, and then answer it throughout your hypertext. I really like how you used a list in the Basic Needs section of your hypertext, it really grabbed my attention and I think you made a really good use of links and outside sources. Your hypertext made your point very clear to me, without very many distractions. I really like the simplicity of your website and I think it is very effective.

NIKE OUTSOURCING

The opening page of your hypertext essay is great. I love the color scheme and the fact that when you trace the mouse over the two images they change. It is organized well and hooks the readers interest quickly.
I really liked the way you used colors and tables to seperate text. It gives the reader a certain amount of control in what he/she reads, which is a key characteristic of a hypertext! You also have a lot of great images, but they are not overpowering nor do they distract the reader from the main focus of your essay. However, the "Customers Say" page is very different from the other pages of your hypertext. Maybe try and connect it visually with the others. But overall this looks like a really cool project!

beauty and the beast

your main point is pretty clear cut if your hypertext is on how the media influences adolescent girls and their thoughts on their appearances. i like the title page of your hypertext because of its colors and it gives a clear idea on what your writing is going to be on. the website is well organized and is clearly consistent throughout. it was easy to read because the font color contrasted with the background color, and it seemed like all the colors pulled ur site together. sometimes i got confused to which links i had already clicked because the links didn't change color. at first look of each page, i wasnt intimidated to read it because the paragraphs were short, but sometimes i would scan because the writing would go all the way across the page. your page is very easy to navigate through, minus the links changing color once visited, which I like a lot.

Nike Outsourcing

First of all, this is a great subject. Interesting all around, and you did a great job of clearly stating the facts that encompass your whole subject. I like the red and black theme and the use of links at the top of the page. Though I like the red and black (staple of Nike) I think the checkered board colors take away from the text. Also, some of the links within links can lose viewers. Make sure their are easy ways back to the page of the the second link. Otherwise, it looks like you know your stuff. Pretty awesome.

"Make-Up"

Your hypertext page is very cohesive and easy to use. I like the formatting of your navigation, especially the diagonal 'main' navigation. The links embedded in the text work very effectively. The color scheme is unique and effective as well.

I think your site suffers a bit from lack of imagery. The color scheme would support almost any color of picture, and I believe you'd much more easily get your point across about the hassles of make up if you, say, had a picture of a disgruntled made-up girl.

I like how you talk about why girls wear make-up. I can't really tell, though, whether you're opposed to the application of make-up or not. I know you say it's expensive and a hassle, but would you prefer there was no such thing as make up?

I also feel like you're missing out on talking about the issue from different points of view. Maybe you could find information about how make-up artists feel, or talk about make-up in the fashion industry or in television.

Good luck!

how relationships are affected by the internet

i really like the layout of the website, it is simple yet stands out (i like the bright colors, so the pink on the black really gets my attention). i liked the vantage points page, because although there is a lot of writing, making them points make it easier to read and make me want to read it. i also like how the last link is a link that offers solutions to prevent people from living in such a technical world.

i think that this draft definitely answers the main topic stated on the splash page, it is also organized very well and is easy to navigate. each link is very clear so i know what topic will be talked about next.

you should maybe try inserting more pictures within the text like the "who's affected" page, that may make it a little less overwhelming for the reader. break up the writing somehow to make it look less like an essay. some pages don't have any pictures. here's a few design errors i found: the links on the splash page are in a different order than the other pages, it made me a little confused, also the border on some pages are white, did you mean to do that or did you want them all pink?

the splash page clearly tells me what will be in the pages to come, very well done!

a lot of the time i just got stuck reading because there was a lot of writing (not that it was choppy or unclear or anything).

the thing that pops out the most is the part about chatting and how you must guess at what others are trying to say and how they are trying to say it because it realates a lot to me. i like that the reader can relate to the writer!

IS THERE REALLY A PROBLEM WITH THE TUITION HERE

I feel that your site has alot of potential. I really like your topic, the question of how much an education is worth has been and still is on every college students minds. I also like the design of the site. Though it still seems to be in the construction process, it looks very clean. In terms of the content, I think you raise some really good questions. Only question is where you got your info for topic responses. Other than that I think you have a great project ahead of you.

Oahu's South Shore Localism

you have a very effective site. the intro page is simple but invites the viewer into the sight to explore your theme more. Your 2nd page does a good job explaining what you will be talking about and i like how you like "localism" at the bottom to where you define exactly what it is. Another effective thing i noticed was the video of the "extreme localism". although this is extreme it does help to emphasize you point of localism. my favorite part of your page would have to be at the end when you talking about Unity & coming together. i think this is a great way to help teach future tourists going to hawaii how they need to be respectful of the land but at the same time speaks out to the locals in hawaii. that by coming together & uniting, everyone is able to enjoy the natural beauty of hawaii.

a few things i would watch out for:
- sometimes you use profane language... you don't necessarily know who your audience will be, so you might want to censor some of your language. i think you can still be effective in getting your point across without cursing.
- font colors: on a couple pages the font was hard to read bc it was too dark with the black background.

great job!

Cosmetic Industry

The background really keeps this site looking professional. I am a big fan of keeping the background all one color throughout the majority of the site. The black especially highlights the bright photos. I like the external links at the end of your hypertext, but maybe add a few links within the text of each topic. I don't know. That's all preference.

Oahu's South Shore Localism

Your topic of localism isn't something I have thought of before. As new to the topic I find your website informative and easy to explore. You clearly define the term and have interesting pictures that I could look at all day. You have a text amount on most pages that is easy to tackle. On just a few pages you have a larger block of text, maybe you could break this up with some pictures? Perhaps you could also spread out the links on the bottom of your site to make them more independant of one another. Overall- great website!

Volunteer: Why Get Involved?

It seems as though your main point of this hypertext is to get people to think about volunteering their time to help others, as you have done yourself. In your hypertext you ask the reader many questions to inspire them to volunteer their time, and you also give them the information necessary to do such (via the Volunteer Opportunities page, local and abroad). You also give a personal story of what you have done when you volunteered your time. I like how your navigation makes the reader want to click and learn more ("So what's holding you back", "Don't just sit there...", "Help yourself"). Also, the hypertext itself does flow and all the points you are making help strengthen your overall theme of volunteering. The pages themselves do not seem as though they are heavy with text, and the spacing and other media you have incorporated into it have helped to accomplish this.

The Criminal Life

I think this site is one of the most well put-together sites so far. Every page is filled with not only information but pictures which grab the reader. I don't have much criticism for it, except maybe to use more types of media for the site to keep the reader's attention. A video clip or music would be a good idea. This would also help to show the reader what you are saying, instead of just telling them through the text.

Working Mothers in America

I really like the colors that you have on your site and the organization, but I think that you could use a little bit more on the variation between sites and also maybe some more pictures and other media in order to spice it up a bit. Some parts also don't work, but you know that and I'm sure its just a technological issue, especially on the affects on children page. I also liked the fact that your website is very simple, but it seems like you have a lot of extra space in which I feel like there could be some points where you would be better served adding a little but more writing. The fact that you added some places where you can find some of the employers who work towards your goal , but it would be good to jsut make sure that all of those top ten that you listed are linked to the actual companies homepage. Also, just make sure your writing all makes sense in the form of this hypertext essay, because some of it seems just a ltitle bit out of sync with other parts, like in the taking care of yourself section. All in all, I like your site, it just needs a little something to really grab the attention of the reader, be authoritative and bold. Some big headings, maybe some inspiring photos, would be very helpful into making your site and eye-catcher.

Religion vs. Mythology

I think that the topic for this site is amazing. It is interesting, creative and unique. It is an important thing to discuss because of its unrealized connection to modern day religion. BRILLIANT IDEA!!!!!!! The purpose of this website is mainly to inform the reader to draw connections. I think that the basic design ideas are well placed but i have a few suggestions. The overall layout is a little bland. it looks like an essay transfered online. I do not think you are using the capabilities of a hypertext. basically- more pages with less writing. on every page, the reader has to scroll down which is fine for a few pages but not all of them. also experiment more with the format. do not be boxed into the box writing no pun intended haha. good luck and did i mention you have a great topic

THE DEBILITATING STIGMA OF MENTAL ILLNESS

This website seems unfinished, some of the pages have obvious blank spots in them. However, it is a good idea and seems like you have a good reason for doing it. For advice: make the navigation a bit more easy. The one line of it at the bottom is orderly, but not exactly easy to follow. Also, try making the text a bit easier to read, red on black is kinda hard on the eyes. Also, be a little more clear on the purpose of your website. You say what it is about and why you care about it, but why should I care? convince me on your intro

Beauty and the Beast

I like how your site was very clean and easy to navigate. There was never too much text on a single page; your points were organized nicely on different pages. I suggest possibly putting up different pictures on the top of each page, to give to reader more of a sense of how the media portrays beauty. I also think you should find a way to put links within the text of your essay, because that is what makes it hypertextual.

Euthanasia Commentary

I really liked the structure of the site; the spreading of the texts in the different boxes was well done, and it made it somewhat easier to read. The navigation bar in the middle of the page worked good as well; however, i would reccommend trying to keep it in the same place and with the same links throughout your website.

The color scheme is somewhat questionable; I'm not saying it's bad, but sometimes it just doesn't seem to fit too well... bright pink and yellow in euthanasia? i'm just not too sure. I like the bright colors because they grab your attention, but at the same time things don't always seem to fit. I do like the fact that each "box" seems to have a single fact in it- this allows for an easier read, and quite honestly keeps the reader interested.
Also, when you're listing or answering questions, try varying your texts; adding italics or bold maybe. These will grab the reader's attention more and will allow them to stay interested throughout your site.

Peer Review of Working Mothers Hypertext

This website is very well organized, and the links are creatively named instead of using boring navigation. The colors complement eachother well and the use of images and text description is something I really liked. The sentences in each page in the hypertext are short and to the point, which is really how people read on the web, so I really liked that. I wasn't able to access almost all of your links so I was only able to read the Affects on the Children hypertext and the pressures of the workplace. I think you could utilize more outside sources as links in your individual hypertext to make your point clearer, while not appearing to use more static text on one page.

Healthcare Problems in the United States

I really like your hypertext essay. The formatting is very clean, and the color scheme is both effective and pleasant. You do an excellent job of viewing the problem from different angles. I especially like the page discussing the differences between US and UK and US and Canadian healthcare systems. It effectively shows the shortcomings of our system.

The "answers" page I felt was a bit disjointed and not well incorporated into the rest of the essay. Maybe just a simple re-labeling, such as "possible answers as to why we do not have universal healthcare in the US". Minor thing, just doesn't specify exactly what the page is about.

Your navigation is clean and effective. I like that I don't need to scroll on any of the pages and that the buttons are (nearly) all in the same place.

I really think your hypertext essay is effective, informative, and useful. So, just a few more little tweaks. Good luck

Santa Clara Helping the Environment

The hypertext is very well researched. The outside texts you use don't overbear your own work, which is perfect. I like the fact that you used school colors, but the spacing between links is a bit awkward. In other words, their is a lot of wasted space. Maybe try keeping the borders of your tables outlined so that words are not just floating. Good job though.

Skanks Sluts Hoes

I thought that your site was very good. The tittle grabs the readers attention right away weather its for the right reason or not. I feel that you have good navigation throughout the site. I like how the navigation directs you to your next point but also allows you to go back to your splash page. The color and photos in your site are well chosen, they grab the readers attention while also portraying a relevant point. Content is good. It kept me interested as well as informed. Overall I think you have done a very good job

What causes a poor work ethic among student-athletes?

I like the subject and the writing on your website. You have a very interesting topic that is salient to many college students. However, the one main problem I see is when I open your window and try to navigate to the different pages, only one paragraph has linked words. Also from what we learned from class today it might help to break up your writing. I think you writing is very well done and is worth reading- so if you make it more reader friendly you can make a larger impact. Maybe you can add an interview or a study about student athletes to bolster your argument Maybe some more images.

Make-Up

Great job on your hypertext essay! I loved your design and your navigation was very easy to use. I just have a few suggestions. In terms of the look, I think you need to add relevant images to at least some of the pages. If you include pictures, your audience will be more captivated and more likely to continue to read your essay. Inside your essay you include many incoming links which are very useful, so that is good as well. Overall in your essay you mostly say just your opinion on how make-up affects those who wear it and the people around them. It would be great to get more viewpoints like the opinion of the big make-up companies. Also, when reading your essay I hear a lot of your voice. Perhaps you should include some quotes from other perspectives and maybe an interview with someone you know who has been affected by wearing make-up.

For "Only Child" Hypertext

You have a VERY effective site.

Good Things:
- The introduction is very clear and concise
- I like the design of your site
- use of different colors and font sizes
- research is effective
-Personal story is applicable and relevant

Improvements:
- You have an obvious stance here and alot of your opinions come from your own experience which is good. Yet, it would be interesting if you had some links to other research and opinions.
- what are the real world applications of your project? How can people become involved? How can we change the way people view this issue?

What is the American Dream?

Overall I thought your website was creative. I love the topic and your opening page is very thought provoking. The roll over image is great and the question posed at the bottom is nice. I would put a more clear link to your actually project than the picture. Maybe the question can be a link. I wasn't so sure i had to click on the picture to enter the rest of the site. In your actual website I really enjoyed the way your links are nicely placed at the top of the site and the way your pages are uniformed. You did a great job embedding the text with internal links. They were strategically placed and nicely thought out. You have great writing, i love that its not an essay and i love that it is like your speaking ot me!! Thats often hard to accomplish but you did it wonderfully. There was a perfect amount of text on each page and it was all nicely laid out. I loved how you had the title of each page at the top of the page, on a couple of pages there was no title and i think it would be a great addition if you were able to do that. Lastly i think i would like to see more color on your website, it might engage the reader more. I also think it would be great it you added some pictures. Other than that great idea and design!!

Giffin and Strain

Points of note from:
Griffin: "Your notation in the paper can link directly to the page with your notes or sources, maybe even directly to the exact reference" i think griffin makes a good point here when he is talking about the advantages of a hypertext. i plan to incorporate this more into my site so that readers can look up where i got all of my information.
Strain: he stresses that "a disoriented reader is probably a reader who's not going to stay long." he comments that even if you have a wonderful site, if a reader cannot navigate it then it doesn't matter how good your site is. Navigation is key to keeping your reader interested in your site. As a result, i will harder to ensure that all my navigational tools are very clear to the reader.

Writing in hypertext

Writing for the Web makes the point that writing in hypertext is similar to regular writing. A good website will have text that is coherent, with varied sentence structures, and shows the reader rather than telling. The only difference is that in hypertext, even if you are a very good writer, the viewers may become bored. To avoid this, large chunks of text should be avoided. I found it interesting that I was becoming bored while reading this site, mainly because it had huge chunks of text. I found myself skimming. You probably don't want this in your site, so breaking up the material into different pages can let the viewer choose what they want to read, and what not to even bother with.

strain and griffith

i really liked strain's website because it was very simple. i liked how almost every page was a different color and the links on the bottom made it look more professional. the only thing bad about this website is that there is a lot of words. griffith's website looked really long, but if you look closer, then you would see that his website is actually just one page and the links at the top just brought you to the top of each title. the other links took me to other websites, but a lot of them didn't work so that wasn't too good. when i design my essay, i will make sure that my links work.

some tips to share:

~ write descriptively, SHOW, DON'T TELL!
~ it's all about variation... mix up the sentence structure & add a little flavor to your web design
~ commit to a point of view- don't use "i think" or "i believe".... be assertive.
~ don't add pointless details.
~ add outgoing & incoming links

"good reading"

I don't want to make my websites have too much writing to the point where the reader is intimidated by how much he had to scroll down to get to the end of the piece. I want to keep my paragraphs short and slim; slim as in the writing doesn't go all the way across the page. I don't want my writing to look like a reasearch paper online and I want to keep my writing as short as possible, but with all the necessary information in it.

While reading the three essays on hypertexts I thought one common element in them that I agree with on them completely is the fact that a hypertext take more planning out and pre-writing. Most people think writing on a website would be easier than writing a paper. however there is so much more planning and thought that goes into a hypertext. I also liked that they discussed the proper medium between well written text and flash and pretty witting. I feel this is a very important medium that many websites have trouble finding. I also agree with the authors that writing descriptively also works very well. Obviously a well written and descriptively well written essay will catch more attention. Lastly I would like to put internal links into my paragraphs to make it more interesting.

Good Writing for Hypertext

From these two articles on good writing in hypertext, the main point I gathered was the huge disparity between hypertext and linear writing. You cannot try to write a hypertext as you would an essay, which is what I have been trying to do. Links to other sources, so you can bring the reader directly to the source that you are discussing is important. Using an introduction as an analysis of a source is also effective. You need to have all components, although they can be different genres of writing, somehow connected to the central theme.

Good Writing for Hypertext

From these two articles on good writing in hypertext, the main point I gathered was the huge disparity between hypertext and linear writing. You cannot try to write a hypertext as you would an essay, which is what I have been trying to do. Links to other sources, so you can bring the reader directly to the source that you are discussing is important. Using an introduction as an analysis of a source is also effective. You need to have all components, although they can be different genres of writing, somehow connected to the central theme.

Site Navigation

Reading Dangs site was very interesting. I found his tips informative and straightforward. I too agree that it is important to determine your purpose, define the potential users of your site, plot a structure for your site, and validate the structure of your site. I think that these tips are very useful for the design, navigation and content of ones website

"Good Writing" for Hypertext

Strain talks about some great tips in general for writing and then gets specific for creative, analytical, and hypertext writing. I definitely need to revise the writing in my hypertext essay to include less 'to be' verbs and passive voice. I also have included "I think" a few times, which Strain says to avoid. And as I said before, I want to include more outgoing links so that more people can have opinions on my page. I did not learn that much from Griffith, although I did like his analogy to the Choose-Your-Own-Adventure stories. Websites are indeed like that because we can click on any link and decide what we want to read. I have enough links on my main page, but I think I will include a few more on some of my other pages.

i like to browse everything before i begin reading. this way i spend more time on things that interest me and less time on things that don't. i like how in deng some suggestions are given to help make my hypertext more "browse-able" by navigation aids and highlighting links. But this also motivates me to make my hypertext interesting all around some viewers wont want to skip anything :)

Strain and Griffith

The biggest thing I got out of these two articles was that content is ultimately the most important part of a hypertext. Yes, it is good to have a good web design that catches the attention of the reader, but ultimately the reader is there at your site to learn something. This can really only happen through good writing, and at least a substantial amount of writing. While too much text can deter the reader, it is important to use links and maps and other web designs to disguise the amount of text that you have. Since it is a hypertext, there really shouldn't be a specific order to the text. This way, the reader can decide when they've read enough. I am going to try and add more text to my hypertext, but use more pages too so it does not appear to be loaded with text and paragraphs of writing.

daaaaaaaaaaaaaang

i liked how everything about dangs website matched. the background had compasses or something and the splash page was pretty cool. i also liked the little ship sailing under the headings. the site was very uniform and there wasn't too much writing so it kept my attention.

Good Writing for Hypertexts

Good writing for hypertexts enables the reader to jump around within a website while the points themselves are related and help support one another. In order to jump around the website though, the points themselves cannot be made to seem linear, that is, each point unites with other points to help the main theme of the website.

Post 3

- "Hypertext" means "non-sequential writing" where the reader has a certain amount of control over the direction and flow of the paper. That can mean many
things. In their simplest form, (in the context of this assignment) hypertext links can serve as a way for you to make "linkages" between what you're talking
about in your essay and other texts or images that are located somewhere else. -Randy Bass, English Department, Georgetown University

I need to change my hypertext less linear, as I mentioned earlier. I have control over my entire essay and I guess I have to loosen control. I need to make more links in between topics and pages. I need more subtopics in general.

Strain and Griffith

I really liked Strain's ideas of trying to really focus on having a strong viewpoint and fully explaining ideas to the reader. My website is going to be there so that someone can learn about a viewpoint that I want them to know, and so it should have as much information as possible in order to give a lot of background and thought provoking ideas. Also, Griffith shines a light on how a hypertext essay should be able to make sense to the reader in an order that was possibly not imagined by the author. It will remind me to make sure that my essay has all the necessasry components and a good navigation in order to let the reader make their own choices about which direction they want to head in my site. Also, I need to have some links to outside web pages so that I can allow even more information to be filtered in to the reader.

Writing strategies

The internet sources provided through the class web page offer many suggestions to make hypertext more effective. I personally found the comments about textual writing to be very useful. Although the internet provides the opportunity to add additional media, the foundation the hypertext is the text! it makes sense that it should be descriptive and engaging. This can be achieved through varied sentence structure and by taking a definite stance in an argument.

Other web pages stressed the non sequential nature of hypertext as important to its composition. This is important to writing because each page must be able to stand on its own. Hypertext also provides the opportunity to provide exact links to references and allow for external insights from other authors.

Good Writing in a Hypertext

To me, it seems like good writing in a hypertext doesn't overwhelm you at all. It is very simple, to the point, and doesn't look like a 5 paragraph essay. In Griffith's writing (the 3rd link) i really think he did a relatively good job of doing this.

There are obviously some points where it seems like the information is too much; however, he breaks it up nicely into bullets and links to other areas in order to keep your attention as a reader. I really like Griffith's idea of saying that instead of writing a linked essay, focus more on a central "theme" and then branch off, leaving the decision up to the reader as to how he or she wants to gather the information. He also says that an effective web page is written like a "web"... not that there's a direct path that you should walk on, but a circle of connections between all of the sites.

Liu and Dang

Liu's commentary on how the public reads information now, especially on the web, was very helpful for me in determining how I will further develop my hypertext. Incorporating audio and video along with the convergence of text and images is the main tip that I am taking from Liu's article.

Good writing for hypertext

The key point I took from Owen Strain's piece about 'making the final project' is that the foundation of the web is text. He means to say that meaningful content is more important than beautiful web design (although of course a fusion of the two is ideal). Essentially, if one has nothing to write about one wouldn't write a book, so why create a web page?

Griffith's page offered a lot of useful information. A key point was that, as opposed to in a linear "flat" essay, the reader of the web-page has complete control over the direction and the flow of the paper. A structured, linear 'argument' might not work effectively in hypertext form. The key, he said, is to focus on a central theme and branch out from there, always remembering what exactly the central theme is (so the reader will be able to easily see the main theme). Griffith made the comment that an effective web-page is formatted like a web, such that all points are connected to the center (theme) but also effectively to each other.

Oh Dang...

The main point about navigation is to satisfy the reader needs. Yeah clear links that guide readers around are important, maybe Dang could have at least used flash buttons that fit the message, that would have been a good piece of navigation advice. Anyway, with my site I really want to take advantage of pictures as navigation. That seems like an effective and appealing way to get around. It might take a minute for the viewer to get used to, but it would be worth it. Navigation tables have really been a yawn lately.

Good writing for hypertext

After reading through Strain and Griffen I have formed some basic ideas on good writing for hypertext essays
1.Humor/personality in hypertext is good, creates a bond between writer and reader
2.Creative writing is good when it is short, detailed, and powerful
3.Clear and concise analytical writing.
4. Strong site ogranization
5.Connect points to a common theme
6.cut out the useless junk

Contributions

The case study about digital reading habits has given me knew insights into both the effective and not so effective aspects of my hypertext essay. People want to know the main point of an argument and would rather find it quickly than have to read pages and pages of words to understand my stance on an issue. This can manifest itself in both a " main idea" page and links from more detailed pages back to the "main idea" page. Also, by making the pages more concise I will be able to more effectively get my point across. I feel that I have already done some of these things in my hypertext by creating internal links from key words back to certain pages and by having an entire summary of the main idea.

Liu and Dang

As Liu writes, most people reading hypertext do not wait and read the whole page before they click on to the next subject to bring them to a new page. This is why a good navigation, as Dang stresses, is necessary. I think that in my hypertext essay I include enough incoming links and the navigation at the top of my essay is easy enough to use, however I would like to include more outgoing links to show more peoples' points of view.

Griffith Intro to Hypertexts

I like the Table of Contents used on Griffith's opening page. He has neatly spaced hyperlinks that clearly outline his topics. Even though he is explaining how to use hypertexts affectively, I think he overuses his hyperlinks within the text. Of course I want to have some hyperlinks within my text, but I think more than 3 or 4 is just over doing it, especially if the writing is only about a paragraph long. Keep it simple. Use navigations at the top of the page (or wherever it's put) for main navigation.

Reading and Navigating in Hypertext

When browsing through Liu and Dang's documents, I understand what they are saying when readers focus only on the items which stand out the most - links, bold, italicized, or underlined words, different colors, fonts, alignment. Also, I understand how people often keep clicking links until they reach an end page with no links to continue, where readers click the "back" button and then continue looking for other links to browse through. Simply stated, readers will mainly focus their attention on links and will continue clicking on links to other pages until they cannot move forward anymore.

Navagation in Hypertext

Dang says that there are multiple ways that people like to navigate through hypertext, so I think a good site will accommodate the preference of different people. It's important to have links that take the viewer back to the home page, back to the previous page, and links that go further into depth.

Dang's Navigation of Hypertexts

Dang's entire website is an analysis of a hypertexts and its usefulness. I think its original that she uses a simplified hypertext herself to showcase its many attributes. The "star" in the middle has many options for topics. Each topic is about some characteristic of hypertext, the good and the bad. I like that each topic changes the format of the hypertext. I wish I would have seen this before I started my project.

Hypertext

When I read Liu's article, or at least bits and pieces of it, I was able to really understand what he was saying when I looked at Dang's hypertext. When reading a hypertext, I really tend to only focus on the links and the words that are linked or bolded. It just feels like I can gain an understanding of what they're saying without reading all of it. Besides, the linked and bolded words are the most important ones anyway, right? It is easier and faster to read if I just skim and focus only on the highlighted words.

liu

I agree a lot with Liu's hypertext essay in that more people are spending less time on in-depth reading when it comes to reading stuff online. A lot of people do just skim through the readings and it does start to affect reading other materials like books. I think to keep people's attention, i need to write less and make my website look nicer because Liu also said that there is a decrease in sustained attention.

Discussion of Dang's Thoughts

I like how Dang makes it a point that one should know before making the site the audience that he or she is trying to reach before even starting. I like the idea of plotting out the site on a pencil and paper before starting as well, because that would let me imagine the sight as I truly want it to look instead of trying to deal with some of my own limitations in trying to build the site. Another thing that I want to make sure that I do is watch how much content I am putting on one page. I kind of want my pages to not have to scroll in any direction, so I will try to fit all of my content for one section on one page.

Hypertext reading

According to Liu, most people do browsing and key word spotting when reading on the internet. When I personally read hypertexts I will usually browse through the article. For the most part I do look for key terms or highlighted words that will take me to the next page. Though this may be distracting from the main topic, I feel that if done correctly it can be very effective.

Ironically from reading or not reading the hypertext site, I learned to not make my site like Liu's because I had a very short attention spand. There was too much writing and it seemed as if the line I was reading would never end. For my site, I want to work on making something that looks like it will be quick to read, maybe by making smaller paragraphs and dividing them on the page. I want to give an illusion that there is less text to read than there really is and I want to keep their eyes moving around the page and therefore they might want to read more of it. For navigation, I want to have a clearly constructed navigation key to make it easy for users to browse through my site.

Navigation...

In terms of navigation, simplicy is the key. I believe you don't want a complicated or hard to follow navigation bar- you want more of a standard bar that fits in with the rest of your slides, however complicated they may be. Something visually pleasing is always good as well.

Digital Medium

As mentioned in class and in Liu's report, the reading style is completely different on a web-page as opposed to the standard, printed word. While reading on web-pages, Liu notes that "The screen-based reading behavior is characterized by more time spent on browsing and scanning, keyword spotting, one-time reading, non-linear reading, and reading more selectively, while less time is spent on in-depth reading, and concentrated reading". I noticed as I read Liu's piece that I was doing exactly the things mentioned. I'd skip over paragraphs and look for things either meaningful or interesting.

Liu comments on the diversity of web-publishing. While traditionally words and words alone carried the meaning in a piece, currently and on web-pages there is a fusion of video, sound, word, and imagery. Readers of web-pages tend to scan around the page, so a nice balance of the different mediums would be ideal. For me, this means that I want to split up the text that I do have with relevant images or video. I want the reader of my hypertext to actually read what I write, so I must make sure my text blocks aren't overwhelming and that my pages are well balanced with images and all that.

The pages about hypertext navigation seemed to me very straight forward and intuitive. The author made the analogy of getting lost in a city to getting lost on a web page. In both cases, it's useful always to know how to get back home. On my hypertext, I've made two links at the bottom of every page that either take the reader back to the project home or to the hypertext home. The links between pages are also extremely important. The author talked about describing external and internal links so the reader knows where he'll be transported before he actually clicks the link. I think on my hypertext pages I might need to label the links a bit more clearly.

Hypertext reading

According to the article by Liu, it is apparent that people who are reading off screens look for keywords. This being the case, when designing a website, it would probably be a good idea to make links out of keywords in the text. This link can take the viewer to a more detailed explanation of the keyword, and the viewer can choose whether to read it or not. They probably won't click on the link if they don't have any interest in the keyword. This eliminates boring the viewer by including all the details in the same text.

Reading Behavior- Digital Environment

The case study addressing the changes in reading behavior due to the digital environment points out some interesting observations. It seems that the digital experience lends itself to an entirely new way of reading. Because there has been such an influx of information on the internet, people must pick and choose what they read. Therefore people often search for the key points in the reading through skimming and searching for key points. I noticed that I was actually doing this as well when reading the case study. I read the introduction and conclusion first to see what the main point of the article said in order to more quickly understand and evaluate the key points.

Lui and Dang

Good Points from:
Lui-this page was horrible to read. the writing was small and there was no page structure. it was a poster style set up with no navigation. the page was written on how to write a readable hypertext...better take your own advice
Dang- this page was so easy to navigate. reading was short and readable. i was able to read the information and move around the site with ease!!! great read

NIKE OUTSOURCING

The opening page of your hypertext essay is great. I love the color scheme and the fact that when you trace the mouse over the two images they change. It is organized well and hooks the readers interest quickly.
I really liked the way you used colors and tables to seperate text. It gives the reader a certain amount of control in what he/she reads, which is a key characteristic of a hypertext! You also have a lot of great images, but they are not overpowering nor do they distract the reader from the main focus of your essay. However, the "Customers Say" page is very different from the other pages of your hypertext. Maybe try and connect it visually with the others. But overall this looks like a really cool project!

Contributions:

I really hope to incorporate video and sounds into my wesbite. This is one new innovention in the multimedia world & I hope to be able to express my ideas and my main point in some new, creative way other than just using words. I found it interesting when the article talked about how "people like to browse and find things by accident" and I hope to make my web page "browse-able" and user friendly. But I hope to make my page interesting and effective so readers don't just skim over it.

Liu is Bad

basically, I thought Liu was terrible. The text was small, hard to read, and laid out in a very traditional, top to bottom, left to right way. I didn't like it at all. Dang on the other hand was good. It was easy to read, but it was the navigation that i was particularly impressed with. It was very easy, with links to all the other pages on every page. It made reading only the things you wanted to read very easy, without having to sift through the crap you don't want to, unlike Liu.

Post on Lui's hypertext

I can understand why it would be hard for Lui to find information on the reading patterns on electronic media because it's so hard to assess a person's change. While Lui was discussing how people change their reading patterns and the process scientists are using to study the change, I was looking at myself read. Impossible, I know, but I was slowing down and speeding up the when I was reading. I was watching which words I skipped over or what things grabbed my attention. The study is definitely warranted from my stand point. However, I wonder what use the information is being put to, and is their future change in reading habits that will occur even after these studies?

Learning through Multiple Points

I agree with many of the points in Liu's discussion of how the modern reader views electronic media. The discussion of how a person might not necessarily know all of the information on one page before moving onto the next is a very important difference between printed media and digital media. In a book, a reader is expected to use forward progression, advancing from the front to the back of the book. On the internet, however, people can flip through multiple webpages without fully absorbing the entirety of the information on each page. Also, people tend to really see only certain keywords, instead of reading full paragraphs. I therefore want to try and focus more on bigger topic keywords and adding more visually enhancing details to my site in order to make the reader more interested in the idea rather than reading long and boring paragraphs.

ADD reading

I agree with Liu's study because I could hardly stay focused reading the points he had to make. His study on peoples reading habits should have been sympathetic to his results. Now this knowledge is important for my page because I pretty much just have big paragraph like chunks still. In my next site I really want to have more of a brain storming format. Hopefully I'll give myself enough time to let my brain work like that. Pictures always help. Maybe music. Videos are the best.

Reading in Hypertext...

So, I think that reading in a hypertext essay is very sporadic and random. When i personally read hypertexts, i don't necessarily read the whole paragraph... i more skim it than anything, because i find it boring and uninteresting to read.

Liu makes a good point in saying that people like to browse and find things by accident; i couldn't agree more when reading a hypertext. Clicking random links while i read keep my attention because there's some sort of a change in scenery, and they also catch my attention.

After reading Liu's article I thought that it was interesting to read that many people believe that genrations to come with have a hard time reading actual deep or purposful readings instead tehy will be to reliant on digital readings. "A number of scholars argue that the arrival of digital media, together with the fragmentary nature of hypertext, is threatening sustained reading". I find this to be somewhat true, I have a harder time to read simple textbooks because I am so use to finding summaries or papers or relevant articles online. This does however seem more difficult for me to read things online. Whenever assigned a reading on the internet I always find the need to print it out to be able to highlight and comment on it. "He observes that people do not like to read from screens. They prefer to print out electronic documents for reading, even printouts from dot matrix printers. He argues that the recent trend in mounting electronic documents in Adobe's PDF format also discourages screen reading and encourages printing. People tend to print out documents that are longer than can be displayed on a few screens. People also know how to organize and manipulate paper documents, but manipulating electronic documents requires a different set of skills." This is interesting because now in a world where we thought that email and electronic files would be saving paper and the environment its not.
This will affect the way i lay out my website because i will be more cognizant of the way I write and lay out my text to make it seem more appealing to read.

Design choices regarding navigation and reading

Reading: From what I can glean from the article- the way people read is changing. People do not sit at a computer and do in depth reading any longer. They like to do fragmented quick reading. They like to jump through pages to find different things that interest them. They like to discover things by accident. The new reader also have reading interlaced with other media--- For my website I need to have some text that is more broken up and more connected to pictures.

Navigation: Dang suggested that users scan the document for interesting links and then click on those, not necessarily follow through in the nice linear order I want them to. This means to me that I need to make the pages stand alone more than they do. My pages are too dependent on one another.

While reading Fast Food Nations I saw many resemblances to the movie Super Size Me. I was shocked when reading Chapters 3 and 8. The way Schlosser goes into detail about the way McDonald's treats their workers and the way slaughterhouses are run. He has a great descriptive way of explaining things that makes the read picture exactly what he is describing. I couldn't believe that McDonald's makes a point to treat their workers so bad and i was appalled that the meat they process in the slaughterhouse is the same meat i eat. It is heartbreaking to think that some people only have the option of working at McDonald's and they have no control over how they are treated or what they are making. I from here on out resign for Fast Food. If i don't i might actually die!!

Fast Food Nation: Ch 3 and 8

I have read fast food nation before, but reading it from a less "personal" perspective has shed more light on the disturbing content of the book.

Ch 3:
The two things that made my stomach churn the most after re-reading this chapter were how Mc Donald's finds new places to put their franchises and how they are working so hard NOT to train their workers. McDonald’s uses space technology to exploit urban sprawl to its advantage. McDonald’s spends (I assume) a ton of money on where to pave over land to put their new chains, but to my knowledge does very little to protect the natural land that their franchises help destroy. Why does the public not care more about this? Are there studies out there that show where a McDonald’s goes; consequences follow, such as increase in crime rate, decrease in natural wetlands? Also disturbing is how McDonald’s creep up in towns who are changing from liberal towns who would cringe at the idea of a chain, to an average American town covered in strip malls. The other thing that bothered me, among the other bothersome info in this chapter, was how hard these fast food companies work not to train their worker. Since 75% of their workers are young, you would think they would want to train them so they can be “valuable members of the company”. Apparently the only thing of value is efficiency, and training takes away from that, so they try to make their workers as replaceable as possible. This means nothing good for the worker, as jobs are meant to create work experience. Without experienced, inexperienced candidates for new jobs, will never move up very easily, because fast food jobs no longer create transferable skills.

Ch 8:
As I don't eat meat, and hate the idea of fast food (I was raised to dislike fast food) this chapter was barely tolerable for me. The conditions of the slaughterhouses are not surprising to me. Neither is the treatment of their workers. Society has made it so that unions have so little power, and immigrant workers have so little power that slaughterhouses can exist in the conditions that they do today. Slaughterhouses remind me about readings I have done about sweatshops. Especially how workers who are injured are “encouraged” to quit by getting worse pay, worse jobs, and getting yelled at by their line boss. For the nations most dangerous job, the cleaning crew, the industry only employs workers who can’t fight for their rights. The slaughterhouses are well aware of the dangers of working there and do nothing in terms of insurance or actual protection on the job to avoid the perils. It isn’t surprising to me that workers, even after terrible injury go back to their jobs, they have nowhere else to go, and the only tools they have our their bodies. Perhaps if more people choose to read books like this, and open their eyes and brains enough to believe it isn’t just propaganda, than the quality of life for these workers may change.

Fast Food Nation Response

After reading these chapters in Fast Food Nation, I am glad that there aren't any fast food burger places right near campus. If there were, I would probably eat there often, but now that I know what goes on to make the burgers, I definitely won't be going to eat fast food soon. I just think it's wrong on so many levels to support a business that is run like this. There are people who seriously put their lives in danger for far less than the minimum wage. It's not like it's an easy job either. You would think they would have to pay people good wages to get them to do this kind of work, but they know who to target and how to control them. So many people have to suffer for you to get your $1 burger, and the people who get paid the big bucks aren't even doing to hardest or most dangerous work.

The main thing I noticed is that I like the websites with more pictures. I want to add a lot more pictures to my site to catch peoples eyes. I also noticed that people have developed some pretty cool color schemes (migrant farm workers) and I want to incorporate that into my web site. The other thing I noticed was that the websites had good starting pages that caught my eye but they made me choose where to start. I would rather set up my site in a way that they start where I want them to but they can go where ever they want after that. I also like the websites with good/relevant quotes (the jail workers). I also noticed that the sites navigation is pretty user friendly (disparity at scu). my webiste: is:http://itrs.scu.edu/faculty/bousquet/fall07/bousq2/BLehman_fall07/The%20Miracle%20Drug.htm

Revisions

There were several design ideas that some of the other students had that I liked. I'm not sure which of these I like, but they both refer to the first page. The first is using a picture and a simple statement as an entrance to the site, as used in the child scavengers site. The second is for the main homepage and has quote headline, with a picture or an intro in the center, which was done for the morticians page. The navigation links are then all around the sides. I might try and find some way to combine these ideas. One thing I noticed when I was looking at all the sites is that it is much more assuring to the reader when the inner pages (not including the homepage, have a consistent structure and that there are always link to get them back to where they were. A few sites also had links at the bottom of their site for links that did directly involve the content of the hyper text essay (ex. print version, bibliography,etc.), I think I will try and incorporate this into my page as well. Several of the authors broke up their pages with pictures and/or put different paragraphs in different colors. This helped with the organization of the site. I also like the use of the 3D navigation bar as used in the garment workers page. These are all aspects which I wish to incorporate into my own Here is a link to my site: http://itrs.scu.edu/faculty/Bousquet/fall07/Bousq2/EZavala_fall07/essay1.htm
~Elena

Hypertext Influences

1. Migrant farm workers: I really like the use of creatively drawn text behind the titles and will try to do the same in some fashion on my own page



2. Ex-Convicts: while it is somewhat convenient, the navigational menu is used on all the pages of this website and takes up a lot of space. I didn't like that so I'm going to avoid doing the same with my own hypertext



3. Workers in the Bay Area: this page had matching pictures with the navigational links which is helpful to the user in navigating the page and I'll try to do the same on my own



4. Disparity @ SCU: I'll have to figure out how to insert them but this page has good looking navigational buttons that push in when you click them so I'm going to try and get the same sort of thing for my own page



5. Vietnamese Nail Technicians: this page has good themed backgrounds for many of the sections and the consistent color scheme is visually appealing as well



My Page

Site Revisions

1. I want to add some cool design elements such as found in the migrant farmer site and the child labor site. I like the colors and picture use in both of these and need to add pictures to my site.
2. I need to add links throughout the text to help the site flow, but at the same time I like having the navigation menu available on every page.
3. On the garment workers website I like how there are links on the bottom of the site so the reader does have to scroll over all the text before navigating to a new page.
4. I want to further develop my topics and add substance to the site. Right now its pretty bland and simple.
5. I want to avoid inconsistency and keep a constant desing/theme/layout throughout the site like the Ministry to Ex con page.

my link

Qualities of Good Sites

1. “Garmet Workers in the Bay Area” showed me that I can add more pictures per page.
2. “Garmet Workers in the Bay Area” shows the effects of using quotes from other sources.
3. “Garmet Workers in the Bay Area” used a lot of links within the text and I need to add more.
4. “Vietnamese Nail Technicians” made me realize that statistics and graphs can help support your views.
5. “Caretakers of the Dead” gave me the idea to use navigation on both sides the site.
6. Migrant Farm Workers “No More Slavery” inspired me to attempt rollover flash images.
7. Migrant Farm Workers “No More Slavery” helped me see that you don’t need ALL navigation links on every page.
8. “Child Scavengers” used bullet points within the text, which look good and help keep things clear and concise.

I want to use these techniques in order to improve my site. Here is my site (it will only get better from here!)

Web Changes

I really would like to improve the look of my web pages. The colors do not catch the eye and right now they are quite boring and follow the basic layout with the table that we learned in the second class. I thought that the pictures that change when you put your mouse over them were amazing. I need more visuals that attract attention and appeal to the human. Also I need to put links in the text. I also need to change my text so that it has more of my personal thoughts and opinions rather the just boring facts. My webpage needs more of a hook that draws people in. I also need to organize it more so that it is much easier to navigate. I think more than anything my web page is lacking a WOW!! factor.

http://itrs.scu.edu/faculty/Bousquet/fall07/Bousq2/NBarrack_fall07/index.htm

Hypertext Revisions

After viewing different websites, and looking at their hypertexts, I have decided to try to emulate various components of their websites
1. the changing pictures when clicker is on it: for example in the child labor website, when you put the clicker on the main picture it changes to another picture. I also like th fact that it is the main picture that you must click on to enter the website
2.I like the printable version that many of the websites have. I makes it easier for people doing research
3. quotes: they reassure the reader about the facts you lay out, and makes your website more professional such as in the prisioner website
4. Different colors makes the website look more appealling
5. Maybe putting in a chart of statistics to once again back up your research such as in the disparity website
6. more pictures to give a better visiual affect
7. I thought that the question and answer trivia section seen in the mortician website was interesting and fun

my website Http://itrs.scu.edu/faculty/Bousquet/fall07/Bousq2/mvillegascastanon_fall07

Revision

when making revisions to my website i plan to
1-keep the format simple, yet be creative
2-add more pictures
3-add pie charts and graphs, i will use the data to make the points i am making seem more valid
4- i like how one of the websites the picture changed

the link to my website is:
http://itrs.scu.edu/faculty/Bousquet/fall07/Bousq2/Acallahan_fall07

Web Design Revision

1. I really like on the Child Labor's main page how they had one simple picture with the links underneath. The design is neat and not confusing.

2. I like how on the links/tabs were at the top of the page for the Garment Sweatshops page.

3. I like how the tabs had pictures that corresponded with them on the Sweatshops in the Bay Area page.

4. I like how the Nail Technician homepage you could scroll over the picture and get more visual insight into the topic.

5. I liked the Child Scavenger website the best. It provokes you with a question on its opening /cover page and then when you scroll over the picture it gives you more insight. When you click on the picture, you get to the homepage. The navigation of the site is very easy with the tabs on the top and the design does not mesh together. There is distinct shape to the site adding to the tone of the topic.

http://itrs.scu.edu/faculty/Bousquet/fall07/Bousquet2/hmiddleton_fall07

Changing my weblog

1. Find a design theme and stick with it.
2. Use in text links to my other pages to promote connectivity between my pages.
3. Use in text links to sites that can be helpful to people interested in a particular topic.
4. Don't aim to high and create a site that is confusing.
5. Recognize my limited abilities and make a organized and calm site that doesn't use features I don't know anything about.

Numbers 1, 4 and 5 came from the site titled "Disparity at SCU." The site is simple but looks good and is consistent throughout. Numbers 2 and 3 come from my experience at "Living Wage at SCU." Once again the site was fairly simple but still incorporated a lot of intext links. I feel that these two pages are a possibility for me to emulate and are not too far out of my reach.

http://itrs.scu.edu/faculty/Bousquet/fall07/Bousq2/aeprice_fall07

Hypertext Essay Revision

After looking at the "Child Scavenger" site, I was inspired to include more in-text links and photos. The "Mortician" site made me want to include clever quotations on my site, to keep the reader entertained and engaged. I was prompted to re-evaluate the color scheme of my website by the strong color contrast of the "Nail Technicians site." If not for the first hypertext essay, I would certainly like to include an interview as part of my final hypertext, like the interview with Matt Smith included on the "Ministry to Ex-Convicts" site.

Ideas for Hypertext Essay Revision

While looking at the examples of other's webpages in class, the five aspects I admired are as follows:

1. Continuity - In "Made in America: Garment Workers in the Bay Area", the website title and image are at the top of every page. This continuity makes the website flow from page to page.

2. Simplicity - The example titled "Child Scavengers" had a lot of information, a lot of graphics, yet still looked simple. There was a lot to look at but it was almost always the same simple layout.

3. Graphics - "Child Scavengers" had many pictures on every page. I really liked how visual this example was.

4. Navigation - "Child Scavenger